## Facts

- Warner Brothers contracted with Spike Lee and his companies to create and distribute the motion picture *Malcolm X*; Lee co-wrote, directed, and co-produced the film.
- At actor Denzel Washington’s request, Jefri Aalmuhammed assisted with historical and religious authenticity based on his prior work about Malcolm X and Islam.
- Aalmuhammed asserted he made extensive contributions, including proposing script revisions used in the final film, directing actors on set, creating scenes, translating Arabic for subtitles, supplying voice-overs, selecting prayers and religious practices, assisting with editing, and meeting with Islamic organizations regarding authenticity.
- Aalmuhammed received on-screen credit as “Islamic Technical Consultant” and was paid $25,000 by Lee; Washington also provided a $100,000 check that Aalmuhammed did not cash.
- Aalmuhammed sought copyright registration claiming co-authorship; after conflicting authorship claims were identified, he sued seeking a declaration that the film was a joint work and an accounting, along with state-law restitutionary claims.
- The district court granted summary judgment against Aalmuhammed on joint authorship and dismissed most state-law claims, including quantum meruit, as time-barred and/or preempted.

## Issues

1. Whether Aalmuhammed’s contributions made him a joint author and co-owner of the film copyright under the Copyright Act’s definition of “joint work.”
2. Whether Aalmuhammed’s quantum meruit (and related restitutionary) claim was time-barred, including which state’s statute of limitations applied.

## Decision

- The court affirmed summary judgment for defendants on the copyright claim, holding Aalmuhammed was not a joint author of the film.
- The court reversed dismissal of the quantum meruit claim and remanded, holding New York’s longer limitations period governed and the claim was not clearly untimely.
- The judgment was thus affirmed in part and reversed and remanded in part.

## Legal Principles

- A “joint work” under 17 U.S.C. § 101 requires (1) authorship and (2) an intention that contributions be merged into a unitary whole.
- Joint authorship requires more than intent to merge contributions; it requires mutual intent that the contributors be co-authors, assessed through objective indicia such as decision-making authority and credited roles.
- In collaborative works such as motion pictures, independently copyrightable contributions do not, by themselves, confer joint authorship of the finished work.
- Control over the whole work—practical and contractual decision-making authority over what is included—is strong evidence of authorship; contributors who lack such authority are generally not authors of the overall work.
- A claim seeking compensation for services (quantum meruit) is analytically distinct from a claim seeking recognition as a copyright co-owner; choice-of-law principles may require applying another state’s limitations period when it has the most significant relationship to the claim.

## Conclusion

The court held that substantial creative and technical contributions to a film did not make a consultant a joint author absent control over the work and mutual intent to share authorship, but allowed a separate quantum meruit claim to proceed under New York’s statute of limitations.


Aalmuhammed v. Lee, 202 F.3d 1227 (9th Cir. 2000)