## **Learning Outcomes**

After reading this article, you will know how to define analytical procedures as applied at the planning stage, explain why significant fluctuations are investigated, and describe the process for interpreting and investigating unexpected trends or relationships in financial data. You will be able to outline typical auditor responses when fluctuations are found, and apply these skills to select and design appropriate audit procedures for identified risk areas.

## **ACCA Audit and Assurance (AA) Syllabus**

For ACCA Audit and Assurance (AA), you are required to understand the application and purpose of analytical procedures during audit planning, and the significance of investigating large or unusual fluctuations. Focus your revision on:

- The definition, objectives, and types of analytical procedures used during the planning phase.
- How to interpret and respond to significant fluctuations or unexpected relationships in financial or non-financial data.
- The process for deciding when further investigation is needed, and how this influences audit risk assessment and planning.
- Auditor responsibilities for documenting analytical procedures, conclusions, and follow-up actions.

## **Test Your Knowledge**

_Attempt these questions before reading this article. If you find some difficult or cannot remember the answers, remember to look more closely at that area during your revision._

1. What is the main objective of analytical procedures at the audit planning stage?
2. List three possible reasons for a significant increase in a client’s gross profit margin compared to prior years.
3. When an analytical procedure identifies an unexpected decrease in sales, what should the auditor do next?
4. True or false: Analytical procedures provide sufficient evidence by themselves to conclude on all significant risk areas.

## **Introduction**

Analytical procedures are a core part of planning an audit. They involve evaluating financial information by examining relationships among data, both financial and non-financial, and investigating matters that do not fit expected patterns. At the planning stage, these procedures help auditors identify areas of possible material misstatement by highlighting significant fluctuations or unexpected trends. When such fluctuations are found, auditors must consider whether misstatement or other risk factors exist, decide on the need for further investigation, and adjust audit procedures accordingly.

> **Key Term: Analytical procedures**
> Procedures that evaluate financial information by examining relationships between data, and investigating unexpected fluctuations or relationships that may indicate risk of material misstatement.

### Purpose of Analytical Procedures During Planning

Analytical procedures at the planning stage provide understanding of how the client’s current period results compare to prior periods, budgets, forecasts, industry averages, or auditor expectations. The primary objective is to identify:

- Unusual fluctuations in figures or ratios,
- Unexplained trends,
- Unexpected changes in the relationships between balances or classes of transactions.

These findings help direct audit attention to risk areas where misstatements or errors might be more likely.

### Types of Analytical Procedures

Common analytical procedures include:

- Year-on-year comparisons of account balances,
- Ratio analysis (e.g., profit margins, receivables days),
- Comparison of results to budgets or forecasts,
- Analysis of relationships between related figures (e.g., sales and receivables, purchases and payables).

> **Key Term: Significant fluctuation**
> A change in a financial figure or ratio that deviates substantially from auditor expectations, historical patterns, or industry benchmarks, and may require further investigation.

### When Is a Fluctuation Significant?

Not every movement in an account requires follow-up. An auditor must consider whether a change is significant—meaning it is both material and not readily explained by available information. Significance can be judged by size (quantitative factors) and by nature or context (qualitative factors).

### Investigating Significant Fluctuations

When a significant fluctuation or unexpected relationship is found, the auditor should:

1. Seek explanations from management.
2. Assess whether the explanation given is reasonable and supported by evidence.
3. Consider whether there may be risk of material misstatement, fraud, or error.
4. Determine further audit procedures needed, possibly including tests of details or extended analytical reviews.

> **Key Term: Professional scepticism**
> Maintaining a questioning mind and critically assessing audit evidence, especially when explanations from management do not fully account for unexpected results.

### **Worked Example 1.1**

**A retailer’s gross profit margin rises from 18% to 25% compared to the previous year. The auditor performs analytical procedures and notes that industry margins remain unchanged at around 18%. What should the auditor do?**

> **Answer:**  
> The auditor should ask management to explain the increase. If management attributes the rise to renegotiated supplier contracts, supporting evidence (such as new contracts or supplier correspondence) must be reviewed. If adequate support is not found, or other indicators suggest overstatement, the auditor may need to extend substantive procedures on revenue recognition and inventory valuation.

### How to Document Analytical Procedures and Follow-Up

It is essential to record:

- The procedures performed,
- The data and expectations used,
- Any fluctuations identified,
- Management’s explanations,
- Conclusions reached,
- Planned audit responses based on findings.

This documentation supports the rationale for risk assessment decisions and modifications to audit plans.

### **Worked Example 1.2**

**During planning, the auditor of a manufacturing client notes that sales have decreased by 15% while trade receivables have almost doubled. What may this indicate and what further steps are appropriate?**

> **Answer:**  
> This may indicate increased credit risk, issues with collection, or possible misstatement of sales. The auditor should enquire with management, review post-year-end cash receipts, and consider focusing substantive procedures on the valuation and existence of receivables.

### Typical Audit Responses to Significant Fluctuations

- Increase tests of details in affected areas (e.g., expanded sample testing),
- Change the nature or timing of audit procedures,
- Consult experts or senior staff where technical matters arise,
- Tailor substantive analytical procedures to gather focused audit evidence.

### **Exam Warning**

> Do not assume all variances are satisfactorily explained just because management provides an answer. Always corroborate management explanations with supporting evidence and maintain professional scepticism.

### **Revision Tip**

> Prepare a summary table comparing prior year figures, current year, budgets, and industry averages to help efficiently spot and document significant fluctuations.

## **Summary**

Analytical procedures at the planning stage help auditors direct focus to the most relevant risks. Detecting and investigating significant fluctuations ensures the audit plan addresses areas where misstatements are most likely to occur. Proper follow-up, documentation, and adjustment of audit strategy are critical for audit quality.

## **Key Point Checklist**

_This article has covered the following key knowledge points:_

- Define analytical procedures and explain their purpose during audit planning.
- Identify what constitutes a significant fluctuation and the need for investigation.
- List types of analytical procedures and their sources.
- Explain the process for following up on unexpected results identified in planning.
- Describe how auditors should respond to significant fluctuations, including modifying audit procedures.
- State the importance of professional scepticism and documentation in this process.

## **Key Terms and Concepts**

- Analytical procedures
- Significant fluctuation
- Professional scepticism

Analytical procedures in planning - Investigating significant fluctuations