## **Learning Outcomes**

After reading this article, you will be able to explain the purpose of materiality in audit planning, set appropriate materiality thresholds, and distinguish between audit strategy and audit plan requirements under ISA 300. You will understand how to structure planning documentation, identify key risks affecting planning, and implement effective strategies to ensure an efficient audit that meets ACCA exam expectations.

## **ACCA Audit and Assurance (AA) Syllabus**

For ACCA Audit and Assurance (AA), you are required to understand the planning process of an audit, specifically the application of materiality and the requirements of ISA 300. Focus your revision on these syllabus points:

- The need for, benefits, and importance of audit planning, including ISA 300 requirements.
- The distinction between audit strategy and audit plan.
- Setting and applying materiality and performance materiality.
- The relationship between the overall audit strategy and the audit plan.
- Key contents to be included in both the audit strategy and audit plan documentation.
- How risk assessment and understanding the entity feed into audit planning.
- The difference between interim and final audit, and the impact of interim procedures on the final audit.
- Documentation standards for planning and working papers.

## **Test Your Knowledge**

_Attempt these questions before reading this article. If you find some difficult or cannot remember the answers, remember to look more closely at that area during your revision._

1. What is the main purpose of the overall audit strategy, and how does it differ from the audit plan?
2. State two factors that an auditor should consider when setting preliminary materiality in planning an audit.
3. True or false? The audit plan must specify detailed tests of controls and substantive procedures for each account area.
4. Which of the following is not required to be documented as part of the planning process under ISA 300?
   A) The identification of engagement team members  
   B) The detailed responses to every identified risk  
   C) The timing of audit work  
   D) The scope and direction of the audit

## **Introduction**

Proper planning is essential for delivering an effective, efficient, and timely audit. ISA 300 requires auditors to establish an audit strategy and a detailed audit plan, both of which are updated as the engagement progresses. Setting materiality is a core part of audit planning, guiding the nature, timing, and extent of procedures.

> **Key Term: audit strategy**
> A high-level overview that sets the scope, timing, and direction of the audit to guide the development of the audit plan.

## The Importance of Audit Planning

All audits must be planned to ensure significant risk areas receive sufficient attention and that resources are allocated appropriately. Audit planning allows the auditor to identify and resolve potential issues before fieldwork begins, supports efficient teamwork, and reduces the risk of inappropriate opinions being issued.

> **Key Term: materiality**
> The magnitude of misstatement or omission that, individually or collectively, could reasonably be expected to affect the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements.

Audit planning is not a "one-off" activity. The strategy and plan are revised as new information arises.

## The Audit Strategy

The audit strategy provides the blueprint for the entire engagement. It addresses the scope (which reporting framework, which locations/branches, nature of the entity), the timing (interim vs. final work, key meetings, deadlines), and the direction (focus areas, level of assurance, use of experts).

Developing the audit strategy involves considering:

- Reporting objectives, format, deadlines, and communication needs.
- Engagement characteristics including financial reporting framework, use of service organizations, and group audits.
- Resources available or required, such as audit team composition, the use of IT tools, or reliance on internal audit.
- Preliminary risk assessments, identified areas needing special attention, and client-specific developments.

The audit strategy document should be concise but cover all major factors impacting the audit approach.

### **Worked Example 1.1**

**A new audit client operates subsidiaries in three countries, has significant IT reliance, and faces industry-specific regulatory reporting deadlines. How should these facts shape your audit strategy?**

> **Answer:**  
> These factors impact the scope (group audit, multi-location coverage), timing (deadlines, reliance on IT systems), and direction (potential high risk from IT controls and regulatory compliance). The strategy will need to address team selection with international experience, early IT risk assessment, and communication plans with both group and component management.

## The Audit Plan

The audit plan takes the strategy and translates it into a set of operational instructions. It details the procedures to be performed, assigning tasks, sample sizes, and schedules.

Key planning elements include:

- Risk assessment procedures: obtaining client understanding and identifying risks.
- Further procedures: design and document tests of controls and substantive procedures for specific assertion-level risks.
- Direction, supervision, and review protocols.
- Allocation of staff assignments, budgets, locations to visit, and timing for interim/final work.
- Required communications during the audit.

> **Key Term: audit plan**
> A comprehensive document detailing the nature, timing, and extent of planned audit procedures at the assertion level, based on the audit strategy.

## Materiality in Audit Planning

Setting materiality is a professional judgment made during planning. It guides the auditor on what magnitude of misstatements could influence users' decisions, affecting the design of audit procedures.

Common starting points for materiality benchmarks:

- ½–1% of revenue
- 5–10% of profit before tax
- 1–2% of total assets

Smaller of the relevant benchmarks is typically selected for prudence. Performance materiality—a lower threshold than the overall materiality—is also set to reduce the risk that aggregate undetected misstatements exceed materiality.

> **Key Term: performance materiality**
> An amount set by the auditor at less than overall materiality to reduce to an acceptably low level the risk that undetected misstatements aggregate to more than the financial statements' materiality.

Qualitative factors also matter—items may be material due to their nature, such as related party transactions or regulatory breaches, even if they are small in value.

### **Worked Example 1.2**

**A client has revenue of \$22m, profit before tax of \$1m, and total assets of \$10m. What preliminary materiality range might be considered?**

> **Answer:**  
> Benchmarks: ½%–1% of revenue (\$110k–220k), 5–10% of profit before tax (\$50k–100k), 1–2% of assets (\$100k–200k). The auditor selects a prudent amount (e.g., \$100k) in the overlapping range and sets performance materiality below this (e.g., \$75k).

## Documenting the Audit Strategy and Plan

ISA 300 requires that both documents be maintained in the audit file. Updates must also be tracked.

Audit strategy and planning files typically include:

- Background and business overview
- Key accounting policies
- Significant risks and their planned responses
- Initial materiality calculations
- Detailed programs for each audit section
- Staffing plan and timetable
- Communication and reporting protocols

Failure to adequately document the planned approach is a common audit shortcoming.

### **Worked Example 1.3**

**The audit file for a new retail client lacks documentation on how risks from inventory valuation will be addressed. What is the main deficiency?**

> **Answer:**  
> The plan fails to specify procedures for a significant risk area. This is a breach of ISA 300, which requires that further audit procedures designed to respond to risk assessments are documented in the audit plan.

### **Exam Warning**

> A frequent exam error is to describe the audit plan as a "copy-paste" from previous years. In reality, audit planning must be client-specific, risk-focused, and updated every year.

### **Revision Tip**

> For exam scenarios, describe both the content and purpose of the audit strategy and plan—not just generic features. Link your answer to specific risks or client facts.

## Interim and Final Audit

Many audits use both an interim and a final phase. Interim audit work (before year-end) allows early risk identification, system walkthroughs, and controls testing, reducing time pressure at completion. The outcome of interim procedures determines the required substantive testing at the final audit.

## The Relationship Between Audit Strategy and Audit Plan

The audit strategy provides the overall "what, when, and why" of the audit, while the audit plan details the "how." The plan operationalizes the strategy and must directly address identified risks and resource requirements.

## **Summary**

Audit planning is essential for an effective engagement. The overall audit strategy defines scope, timing, and direction. The audit plan turns these into detailed, actionable steps for the team, specifying risk responses and procedures. Materiality decisions influence all subsequent work. Proper planning ensures a focused audit, reduces risk, and helps satisfy regulatory and professional standards.

## **Key Point Checklist**

_This article has covered the following key knowledge points:_

- State the objective and main benefits of systematic audit planning.
- Distinguish between audit strategy and audit plan, explaining the purpose and main contents of each.
- Set and justify materiality and performance materiality levels using appropriate benchmarks.
- Identify key factors affecting planning, including risk, resourcing, and timing.
- Explain documentation requirements for strategy and planning files under ISA 300.
- Recognize the role and timing of interim versus final audit work.
- Respond to scenario-based exam questions with planning steps targeted to specific risks.

## **Key Terms and Concepts**

- audit strategy
- materiality
- performance materiality
- audit plan

Materiality and audit strategy - Audit strategy and audit plan (ISA 300)