## **Learning Outcomes**

After reading this article, you will be able to explain the purpose of management reports, identify how reports should be tailored to different audiences, describe best practices in management commentary, and evaluate common mistakes such as information overload. You will also be able to apply these principles to improve report effectiveness in performance management scenarios.

## **ACCA Advanced Performance Management (APM) Syllabus**

For ACCA Advanced Performance Management (APM), you are required to understand the principles of management reporting and how to deliver effective commentary. Specifically, this article addresses:

- The objectives and qualities of effective management reports and commentary
- Tailoring reports and commentaries to meet the needs of different user groups
- Best practice in report presentation and communication
- The risk of information overload and how to avoid it
- The importance of clear, concise commentary and suitable data presentation techniques

## **Test Your Knowledge**

_Attempt these questions before reading this article. If you find some difficult or cannot remember the answers, remember to look more closely at that area during your revision._

1. Which of the following best improves the effectiveness of a management report for board-level users?
   a) Including all raw transaction data
   b) Focusing on detailed operational targets only
   c) Providing concise analysis linked to strategic objectives
   d) Using complex, unexplained technical terms

2. True or false? A performance report should always include the maximum amount of information available to avoid missing anything important.

3. List two potential negative effects of information overload in management reporting.

4. What practical steps can be taken to tailor a report for an operational manager compared to a board director?

## **Introduction**

Management reporting and commentary are central to organisational decision-making and performance evaluation. To be effective, management reports must be tailored to the intended audience’s needs, ensuring information is appropriate, relevant, clear, and actionable. This article outlines best practices for tailoring reports, communicating findings, and avoiding common reporting failures.

> **Key Term: management report**
> A document produced for internal decision-makers summarising key performance data, analysis, and commentary relevant to achieving organisational objectives.

## **THE PURPOSE AND AUDIENCE OF MANAGEMENT REPORTS**

Effective management reports do not only present numbers—they enable action. The purpose is to communicate targeted performance information, interpret trends, and highlight issues for corrective or strategic decisions.

### Identifying the Audience

Before drafting a report, you must determine who the report is for:

- **Board or senior management:** Require concise, strategic summaries, highlighting progress against organisational objectives, risks, and key variances. Prefer high-level analysis with clear visualisation.
- **Operational managers:** Need more detailed and actionable information relevant to their business areas. Focus on breakdowns of operational performance, resource usage, and specific issues that may require intervention.
- **Other stakeholders:** For example, investors or department heads may need specific information relevant to their interests.

Each group will differ in technical knowledge, level of detail required, and the context in which data is used.

> **Key Term: management commentary**
> An explanatory narrative accompanying a management report that interprets results, highlights key issues, and provides context for performance data.

## **DESIGNING REPORTS TO MEET USER NEEDS**

A well-designed report aligns its purpose, content, and layout with the expectations and knowledge of its audience.

### Best Practices for Tailoring Reports

- **Clarify the main objectives:** Define what the user needs to know—strategic performance, operational data, specific issues, or a mix.
- **Adjust detail and technicality:** Senior management need summary analysis; operational staff may require detailed breakdowns.
- **Prioritise information:** Start with the most critical results and trends. Less important data may belong in appendices or not at all.
- **Use accessible language:** Avoid jargon not known to the audience. Define all technical terms.
- **Apply appropriate visuals:** Use graphs, tables, and dashboards to present trends, exceptions, and key numbers clearly.

> **Key Term: information overload**
> The state where users are presented with more information than they can effectively process, reducing clarity and decision-making quality.
>
> **Key Term: data visualisation**
> The use of charts, graphs, dashboards, or other visual elements to communicate data efficiently and support understanding.

### **Worked Example 1.1**

**Scenario:**  
A divisional manager is presented with a monthly report containing 15 pages of raw transactional data, line-by-line operational KPIs, and financial summaries, but without any commentary or highlighted exceptions.

**Question:**  
What are the weaknesses of this report, and how could it be improved for the manager?

> **Answer:**
> The main weaknesses are information overload, lack of prioritisation, and absence of narrative. The manager is forced to sift through excessive data, risking missed issues or decision delays. To improve, the report should present a performance summary, key variances, explanation of causes, and recommended actions. Non-essential raw data could be moved to an appendix.

### Layout and Presentation

- **Keep it concise:** Limit length to what is necessary for decision-making. Use executive summaries for longer reports.
- **Structure logically:** Use headings, subheadings, and clear sections for ease of reference.
- **Support interpretation:** Include meaningful commentary explaining trends, deviations, and implications—avoid vague or generic statements.
- **Offer context:** Comparisons with targets, plans, and relevant benchmarks aid understanding.
- **Enable action:** Highlight required decisions, recommendations, or next steps.

### **Worked Example 1.2**

**Scenario:**  
A board report discusses a 15% decline in quarterly sales but simply states, "Sales have fallen, management should monitor closely," with no reasons or suggestions.

**Question:**  
Why is this commentary inadequate, and what should it include?

> **Answer:**
> The commentary is too generic and unhelpful. Effective commentary should provide analysis—e.g., identify causes (competition, market trends, product issues), assess potential impact on targets, and propose actions (marketing initiatives, product review). This enables informed response rather than passive monitoring.

### **Exam Warning**

> In the exam, avoid common reporting pitfalls such as including excessive data, failing to connect analysis to strategic objectives, or omitting clear recommendations. Examiners may award marks for your ability to identify and correct poorly presented or misaligned reports.

## **AVOIDING INFORMATION OVERLOAD**

Overloading reports with unnecessary or excessive information obscures key messages and hinders decision-making.

- **Filter carefully:** Only include essential content that supports the report’s purpose.
- **Summarise where possible:** Provide high-level data, with drill-down details available if needed.
- **Balance:** Too little information is as problematic as too much. Omit irrelevant figures but ensure completeness for the intended task.

### **Worked Example 1.3**

**Scenario:**  
An operational dashboard displays 40 metrics, most rarely changing, with no emphasis on current exceptions or targets.

**Question:**  
What might be the impact on users, and how can the dashboard be restructured?

> **Answer:**
> Users will likely ignore important signals due to clutter and habituation, missing urgent issues. Focus the dashboard on the most critical metrics, use alerts or colour coding for exceptions, and periodically review displayed content for ongoing relevance.

## **COMMENTARY AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS**

Management commentary should:

- Clarify causes behind results, not just state what happened
- Use clear, objective, concise language
- Relate findings to strategic or operational objectives
- Highlight variances and implications for key stakeholders
- Avoid unsupported opinions or unsupported narratives

> **Key Term: commentary**
> A written explanation that interprets results, explains key variances, and links data to decisions or organisational objectives.
>
> **Key Term: audience**
> The intended group(s) who will use or act on the report; their needs and knowledge shape the content and style of reporting.

### **Revision Tip**

> When reviewing your report or exam answer, always check whether your commentary is actionable—does it tell the user what has happened, why, and what action (if any) is required?

## **Summary**

Effective management reporting requires tailoring both content and commentary to audience needs. Reports should be concise, well-structured, and focused on the user’s decision-making requirements. Avoid information overload by filtering for relevance. Management commentary must interpret results and connect them to objectives, enabling prompt, clear, and informed action.

## **Key Point Checklist**

_This article has covered the following key knowledge points:_

- Explain the objectives of management reports in performance management
- Identify how to tailor reports for different organisational audiences
- Describe best practices for management commentary
- Recognise symptoms and risks of information overload
- Apply data visualisation to improve report clarity
- Assess common pitfalls in management reporting and commentary

## **Key Terms and Concepts**

- management report
- management commentary
- information overload
- data visualisation
- commentary
- audience

Management reporting and commentary - Tailoring reports to audience needs