## **Learning Outcomes**

After studying this article, you will be able to prepare a trial balance by extracting balances from ledger accounts, explain the purpose and structure of the trial balance, identify which errors are revealed by the trial balance, and recognise the limitations of this listing. You will also be able to apply these concepts in practice questions similar to those found in the ACCA FA1 exam.

## **ACCA Recording Financial Transactions (FA1) Syllabus**

For ACCA Recording Financial Transactions (FA1), you are required to understand how to produce a trial balance and extract account balances accurately. This article covers the following key syllabus areas:

- The purpose and format of a trial balance
- The extraction of balances from ledger accounts
- How to list account balances as debits and credits
- The identification of errors disclosed by the trial balance
- The limitations of the trial balance and types of errors not revealed

## **Test Your Knowledge**

_Attempt these questions before reading this article. If you find some difficult or cannot remember the answers, remember to look more closely at that area during your revision._

1. What is the main purpose of preparing a trial balance?
2. When extracting balances for a trial balance, which side do expense account totals appear in?
3. True or false? A trial balance will always reveal all errors made in the ledger accounts.
4. Which types of error would a trial balance fail to identify?

## **Introduction**

One of the final steps before preparing financial statements is compiling the trial balance. The trial balance acts as both a summary and a check, listing all balances from the general ledger as either debits or credits. Its purpose is to confirm the arithmetic accuracy of double-entry bookkeeping and to provide a structured listing for further financial reporting. Understanding how to extract these balances correctly, and the trial balance's role in error detection, is fundamental knowledge for the examination.

> **Key Term: trial balance**
> A listing of all general ledger account balances at a specific date, showing separate columns for debit and credit balances.

## **Why Prepare a Trial Balance?**

The trial balance serves three key functions:

- To check that total debits and total credits in the ledger are equal, indicating that double-entry has been followed correctly.
- To provide a summary of ledger account balances at a point in time.
- To serve as a starting point for preparing financial statements.

Compiling the trial balance regularly allows errors to be identified and corrected early, maintaining the reliability of the accounting records.

## **How to Extract Balances for the Trial Balance**

At the end of the period, each ledger account must be balanced—or 'ruled off'—to determine whether it holds a debit or credit balance. Only the final balance for each account is extracted, not the list of transactions.

### Extracting Balances – The Process

1. Calculate totals for both sides of each ledger account.
2. Find the difference between total debits and total credits in the account—this is the balance carried forward.
3. Determine the nature of the balance:
   - **Debit balances:** assets, expenses, drawings
   - **Credit balances:** liabilities, income, capital

4. List each account in the trial balance, placing the balance in the appropriate debit or credit column.

> **Key Term: ledger account**
> A record showing all transactions and running balances relating to a particular item (e.g., cash, purchases, sales, rent) in the general ledger.
>
> **Key Term: debit balance**
> A balance which arises when the total of the debit entries exceeds the credit entries in a ledger account.
>
> **Key Term: credit balance**
> A balance which arises when the total of the credit entries exceeds the debit entries in a ledger account.

## **The Format of a Trial Balance**

A standard trial balance contains three columns: Account Name, Debit, and Credit. List each account (not transactions) and enter the final balance in the correct column. The total of all debit balances must equal the total of all credit balances.

**Sample trial balance structure:**

| Account      | Debit ($) | Credit ($) |
| ------------ | --------- | ---------- |
| Cash at bank | 4,500     |            |
| Sales        |           | 12,000     |
| Purchases    | 6,200     |            |
| Capital      |           | 8,000      |
| ...          | ...       | ...        |
| **Totals**   | xxxxx     | xxxxx      |

If the columns do not balance, an error in the accounting records exists.

### **Worked Example 1.1**

Prepare a trial balance from these closing ledger account balances:

- Bank \$2,000 (debit)
- Inventory \$1,500 (debit)
- Capital \$2,500 (credit)
- Purchases \$3,200 (debit)
- Sales \$4,800 (credit)
- Rent \$600 (debit)

> **Answer:**
> | Account | Debit ($) | Credit ($) |
> |--------------|-----------|------------|
> | Bank | 2,000 | |
> | Inventory | 1,500 | |
> | Purchases | 3,200 | |
> | Rent | 600 | |
> | Capital | | 2,500 |
> | Sales | | 4,800 |
> | **Totals** | 7,300 | 7,300 |

## **Errors That the Trial Balance Can and Cannot Reveal**

A trial balance confirms that the mathematical equality of debits and credits is maintained, but not that every transaction is correct or complete. Some errors will make the trial balance not balance, while others will not affect it.

> **Key Term: error of omission**
> A transaction is completely left out of the records; both the debit and credit are missing.
>
> **Key Term: error of commission**
> An entry is posted to the correct type of account but the wrong specific account.
>
> **Key Term: error of principle**
> An entry is posted to an account of the wrong type (e.g., recording an expense as an asset).
>
> **Key Term: compensating error**
> Two separate errors are made which cancel each other out numerically.
>
> **Key Term: transposition error**
> Digits of a number are accidentally reversed (e.g., writing \$54 as \$45).

### Errors Disclosed by the Trial Balance

A trial balance will detect errors where:

- An entry is made on only one side of the ledger, creating an imbalance.
- The debit and credit values posted for a transaction are not equal.
- One side of a transaction is omitted.

### Errors NOT Disclosed by the Trial Balance

A trial balance will NOT show:

- Omissions of entire transactions (error of omission).
- Entries made with the correct amount but in the wrong account (error of commission).
- Wrong use of account types (error of principle).
- Equal but opposite errors (compensating errors).
- Errors where debits and credits are both too high or too low by the same amount.

### **Worked Example 1.2**

A business purchases inventory for \$1,400 but accidentally enters \$1,400 as a debit in the purchases account and \$1,400 as a debit in the bank account (instead of as a credit).

**Will this error be revealed by the trial balance?**

> **Answer:**
> Yes. Because both entries are debits, the credits and debits in the trial balance will not agree. The trial balance will fail to balance and highlight the error.

## **Limitations of the Trial Balance**

- The trial balance confirms only arithmetic accuracy—it cannot detect every type of mistake.
- Certain errors, if they affect both debit and credit equally, will not be exposed.
- A trial balance does not prove that every transaction is correct, only that the records are mathematically consistent.

### **Exam Warning**

> **Exam Warning**
> Do not assume a balanced trial balance means the bookkeeping is error-free. Errors in posting to incorrect accounts or using wrong amounts in both sides may still exist even if totals agree.

## **Summary**

A trial balance is a list of all ledger account balances at a particular date, split into debit and credit columns. It checks the arithmetical accuracy of the double-entry system but does not guarantee the absence of all errors. Understanding how to extract balances, which errors are found, and the limitations of the trial balance is essential for ACCA exam success.

## **Key Point Checklist**

_This article has covered the following key knowledge points:_

- Define a trial balance and state its purpose
- Explain how to extract debit and credit balances from ledger accounts
- Set up a trial balance with the correct format
- Identify which types of errors the trial balance will and will not highlight
- Understand the limitations of the trial balance for error detection

## **Key Terms and Concepts**

- trial balance
- ledger account
- debit balance
- credit balance
- error of omission
- error of commission
- error of principle
- compensating error
- transposition error

Preparing the trial balance - Extracting balances and listings