## **Learning Outcomes**

After reading this article, you will be able to explain the double-entry principle, recognise the dual effect of each transaction, apply the rules for debits and credits, and write clear narrative descriptions for entries. You will be equipped to record and interpret daily financial transactions as required by the ACCA FA2 exam.

## **ACCA Maintaining Financial Records (FA2) Syllabus**

For ACCA Maintaining Financial Records (FA2), you are required to understand the double-entry bookkeeping system and how every transaction affects at least two ledger accounts. Pay special attention to the following syllabus points relating to this article:

- The duality (dual effect) principle in accounting
- The process of making double-entry postings in ledger accounts
- Applying the rules for debits and credits to assets, liabilities, capital, income, and expenses
- Preparing proper supporting narrative descriptions for accounting entries
- The layout and structure of general ledger (T) accounts

## **Test Your Knowledge**

_Attempt these questions before reading this article. If you find some difficult or cannot remember the answers, remember to look more closely at that area during your revision._

1. Which of the following best describes the double-entry bookkeeping principle?
   a) Only cash payments need to be recorded
   b) Every transaction affects one ledger account only
   c) Every transaction affects at least two ledger accounts
   d) Only income and expense transactions are recorded

2. When an entity pays wages in cash, which accounts are affected and how are they entered?
   a) Debit Wages, Credit Cash at bank
   b) Credit Wages, Debit Cash at bank
   c) Debit Capital, Credit Expenses
   d) Debit Cash at bank, Credit Wages

3. True or false? When goods are bought on credit from a supplier, both the Purchases and Payables accounts are affected by the transaction.

4. Briefly explain what the narrative (description) in a journal entry should include.

## **Introduction**

All accounting systems rely on the double-entry principle, which states that every financial transaction has two equal and opposite effects. This means that for every increase, there is a corresponding decrease elsewhere, or vice versa. Understanding this dual effect is essential for accurate record-keeping and is the reason every transaction will always be recorded in at least two ledger accounts using debits and credits.

In this article, you will learn how the duality principle underpins double-entry bookkeeping. You will also see how to write clear narrative descriptions for each entry, helping anyone reviewing the records to understand the nature and reason for the transaction.

> **Key Term: double-entry bookkeeping**
> The system in which every accounting transaction is recorded in at least two accounts, ensuring that debits always equal credits.
>
> **Key Term: duality (dual effect)**
> The concept that every financial transaction has two equal and opposite effects on the accounting records.

## The Double-entry Principle

The double-entry system ensures that the accounting equation—Assets = Liabilities + Capital—remains in balance after every transaction. Each transaction requires:

- At least one account to be debited
- At least one account to be credited
- The total value of debits to equal the total value of credits

### The Dual Effect of Transactions

Every transaction has a dual effect, meaning it impacts two or more accounts. For example, when an entity purchases goods for cash:

- The asset 'Inventory' increases (debit)
- The asset 'Cash at bank' decreases (credit)

This mirror effect is the core of double-entry accounting and guarantees the trial balance totals will match, provided all entries are completed correctly.

### Debit and Credit Rules

To determine which account is debited and which is credited, use these standard rules:

| Type of Account | To Increase | To Decrease |
| --------------- | ----------- | ----------- |
| Asset           | Debit       | Credit      |
| Liability       | Credit      | Debit       |
| Capital/Equity  | Credit      | Debit       |
| Income/Revenue  | Credit      | Debit       |
| Expense         | Debit       | Credit      |

> **Key Term: debit (Dr)**
> An entry on the left side of a ledger account. Typically records an increase in assets or expenses, or a decrease in liabilities, equity, or income.
>
> **Key Term: credit (Cr)**
> An entry on the right side of a ledger account. Usually records an increase in liabilities, equity, or income, or a decrease in assets or expenses.

### The Narrative of Entries

Each double-entry posting should be followed by a narrative (description) explaining the nature of the transaction. Narratives provide clarity about:

- What the transaction was (e.g., "Office rent paid by bank transfer")
- Who was involved (e.g., "Paid to Jones Supplies Ltd.")
- The date and relevant document numbers if appropriate

Clear narratives support audit trails and help anyone reviewing the records understand the reason for the entry.

> **Key Term: narrative**
> The brief description attached to an accounting entry or journal explaining the transaction’s purpose.

## Recording Double-entry Transactions

The process of recording a transaction is as follows:

1. Identify the accounts affected.
2. Consider whether each account is increasing or decreasing.
3. Apply the correct debit and credit rule.
4. Write a brief, clear narrative after each entry.

### **Worked Example 1.1**

A business pays \$1,200 in rent by bank transfer.

What are the correct ledger entries, and what should the narrative include?

> **Answer:**
> Accounts affected:
>
> - Rent expense (increased): Debit \$1,200
> - Cash at bank (decreased): Credit \$1,200
>   Narrative: "Rent for March paid to ABC Estates Ltd. by bank transfer."

### **Worked Example 1.2**

A customer buys goods on credit for \$500.

How do you record the transaction in the ledger accounts, and what is a suitable narrative?

> **Answer:**
> Accounts affected:
>
> - Trade Receivables (asset increases): Debit \$500
> - Sales Revenue (income increases): Credit \$500
>   Narrative: "Credit sale to Smith & Co., Invoice 3759."

### **Exam Warning**

If the narrative does not make clear what happened or who was involved, or if amounts are posted to the wrong sides (e.g., crediting an expense), it may result in incomplete or incorrect records. Always check both the dual effect and the clarity of the narrative.

## **Summary**

The double-entry principle ensures every transaction is recorded with equal debits and credits, maintaining the accounting equation. Understanding the dual effect and writing clear narratives are essential for proper bookkeeping and audit trails.

## **Key Point Checklist**

_This article has covered the following key knowledge points:_

- Describe the double-entry principle and its purpose.
- Identify the dual effect of financial transactions.
- Apply debit and credit rules to various account types.
- Prepare double-entry ledger postings with clear narratives.
- Understand why the narrative is important for audit and clarity.

## **Key Terms and Concepts**

- double-entry bookkeeping
- duality (dual effect)
- debit (Dr)
- credit (Cr)
- narrative

Double-entry principles - Dual effect and narrative of entries