## **Learning Outcomes**

After reading this article, you will be able to evaluate project cash flows, identify sources of risk in investment appraisal, and apply basic sensitivity and scenario analysis as risk assessment tools. You will learn how changing key project variables impacts decision making, and how to interpret simple sensitivity and scenario analysis outputs for ACCA Foundations in Financial Management (FFM) exams.

## **ACCA Foundations in Financial Management (FFM) Syllabus**

For ACCA Foundations in Financial Management (FFM), you are required to understand how project cash flows are evaluated and risks are analysed. In particular, you should be able to:

- Explain the role of cash flow forecasting and recognize the impact of uncertainty on project appraisals
- Identify and describe significant risk areas affecting project investment appraisals
- Apply basic sensitivity analysis to simple investment project cases
- Apply and interpret simple scenario analysis in the context of project cash flows
- Evaluate the implications of risk assessments in advising on project viability

## **Test Your Knowledge**

_Attempt these questions before reading this article. If you find some difficult or cannot remember the answers, remember to look more closely at that area during your revision._

1. Which project variable's change will a sensitivity analysis most directly measure?
   a) The overall project payback period  
   b) The effect of a percentage change in a single cash flow item  
   c) The probability of project success  
   d) The number of independent scenarios considered

2. In scenario analysis, which of the following is NOT typically varied?
   a) Sales volumes  
   b) Discount rate  
   c) Tax legislation  
   d) Initial project investment

3. True or false? Sensitivity analysis can identify the probability that a project will fail to achieve its target NPV.

4. Briefly explain why scenario analysis is helpful for project appraisal decisions.

## **Introduction**

Analysing project cash flows for investment decisions involves dealing with uncertainty. Even small changes in key variables—such as revenues, costs, or discount rates—can dramatically affect results. To provide more robust recommendations, finance professionals use quantitative risk analysis tools like sensitivity and scenario analysis. These methods help identify which elements could most affect a project's success and allow better planning for different possible outcomes.

> **Key Term: sensitivity analysis**
> A risk assessment technique that determines how much a single input variable (like sales, costs, or investment cost) must change before a project's NPV or other output falls to zero.

## PROJECT CASH FLOWS AND RISK

Project investments rely on forecasts—future sales, costs, capital expenditure and more. Each figure is uncertain and subject to change, which introduces risk. Sound project appraisal requires identifying, assessing, and where possible, quantifying the impact of these risks on investment outcomes.

### Types of Project Risk

Project appraisal faces risks from:

- Overestimating sales growth or sales price
- Underestimating operating costs or capital expenditures
- Errors in project timing or implementation
- Unexpected changes in tax or regulation
- Fluctuating discount rates (cost of capital)

Some of these risks are specific and measurable; others are general and relate to the economy as a whole.

> **Key Term: scenario analysis**
> A process that examines the outcomes of a project under different sets of combined assumptions, such as best-case, worst-case, and most likely situations.

## SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Sensitivity analysis tests a project's vulnerability to individual assumptions. It measures how much one input (for example, sales volume) must change from its estimated value before the project becomes financially unattractive, such as having a negative NPV.

Typically, sensitivity is calculated for:

- Selling price
- Sales volume
- Variable or fixed costs
- Initial project outlay
- Discount rate

The "critical" (most sensitive) variable is the one where the smallest percentage change will make NPV zero.

### **Worked Example 1.1**

A manufacturing project requires an initial investment of \$200,000. Annual net cash inflows are forecast at \$60,000 for five years. The discount rate is 10%, and the project’s NPV is \$17,370.

**Question:** Calculate the sensitivity of the project NPV to changes in annual cash inflows. How much would annual inflows have to fall (as a percentage) before NPV becomes zero?

> **Answer:**
> Sensitivity (%) = (project NPV / present value of all inflows) × 100  
> Present value of all inflows = \$217,370  
> Sensitivity = (\$17,370 / \$217,370) × 100 ≈ 8%  
> So, a drop of about 8% in annual cash inflows would reduce NPV to zero.

### **Exam Warning**

> Be careful to use the correct base for your sensitivity calculation: always use the present value of the relevant cash flows, NOT the total cash flows or profit.

## SCENARIO ANALYSIS

While sensitivity analysis looks at changes in one variable at a time, scenario analysis changes several variables simultaneously. It evaluates "what-if" combinations—most commonly:

- Best case (optimistic: high sales/low costs)
- Worst case (pessimistic: low sales/high costs)
- Most likely case

Scenario analysis shows the possible range of NPV (or other outcomes) a project could achieve.

### **Worked Example 1.2**

A café chain is considering a new location. The following scenarios are evaluated:

- Best-case: High customer traffic, low costs: NPV = +\$60,000
- Most likely: Average traffic, forecast costs: NPV = +\$20,000
- Worst-case: Low traffic, higher costs: NPV = –\$25,000

**Question:** What advice might you give the business owner based on these results?

> **Answer:**
> The project’s NPV is highly dependent on visitor numbers and costs. In the worst-case scenario, the project loses money. Management should assess the probability of each case and consider how to mitigate downside risks before investment.

### Using Sensitivity and Scenario Analysis in Practice

Both methods help managers:

- Identify key risk areas (variables with highest sensitivity)
- Prioritize efforts to improve forecast accuracy in these areas
- Decide where to build in contingency plans
- Understand the range of possible outcomes

However, neither method can quantify the probability of each outcome; both should be complemented by qualitative risk judgement.

### **Revision Tip**

> For exam questions, always state which variable is most critical—this is the one with the lowest sensitivity percentage.

## **Summary**

Project appraisals are affected by uncertainty in cash flow forecasts. Sensitivity analysis tests the effect of changing one variable at a time and pinpoints the most critical assumption. Scenario analysis examines several combined changes and reveals the range of possible project outcomes. Both tools improve risk awareness and support better investment decisions.

## **Key Point Checklist**

_This article has covered the following key knowledge points:_

- The main risks associated with project cash flow forecasts
- How to use sensitivity analysis to identify critical variables in project assessments
- The meaning and process of scenario analysis
- The practical limitations of sensitivity and scenario analysis
- How to interpret and apply findings from both techniques in ACCA exam scenarios

## **Key Terms and Concepts**

- sensitivity analysis
- scenario analysis

Project cash flows and risk - Sensitivity and scenario analysis (basic)