## Facts

- George J. Ackel, Sr. (Sr.) was married to Jeanette Lentini Ackel (Jeanette).
- Sr. partly owned DPJ, Inc., which operated a drugstore; DPJ defaulted on its rent and closed.
- DPJ transferred assets worth more than $263,000 to Sr., and DPJ’s indebtedness was forgiven.
- Using those transferred assets as paid-in capital, Sr. formed GJA, Inc. with his son, George J. Ackel, Jr. (Jr.) to operate a drugstore at the same location.
- GJA, Inc. was taxed as an S corporation.
- Sr. acted as the owner of GJA, including by reporting corporate losses on his personal tax returns, reflecting loans to the corporation, and publicly representing that he was responsible for corporate debts.
- Jr. made no financial contribution to GJA, managed the drugstore, and handled certain administrative tasks such as applying for permits and licenses.
- A stock certificate for all authorized shares of GJA, Inc. was issued in Jr.’s name and was signed by Jr. as president; the issuance was later challenged as not satisfying corporate requirements and as lacking a valid underlying transfer from Sr.
- About a year after GJA’s incorporation, Sr. died; Jeanette was appointed administratrix of Sr.’s succession.
- Jeanette had not consented to any alienation of GJA, its stock, or its assets.
- Sr. also had another son, Thad Ackel (Thad). A dispute arose between Jr. (claiming ownership through the certificate) and Jeanette and Thad (claiming GJA belonged to the community/succession). After efforts were made to remove Jr. from his position at GJA, Jr. sued Jeanette and Thad asserting ownership.
- The trial court ruled for Jr., recognizing him as owner of GJA; Jeanette and Thad appealed.

## Issues

1. Whether a stock certificate issued in Jr.’s name for all authorized shares, without proof of a valid transfer from Sr., established Jr. as owner of GJA, Inc.
2. Whether any purported gratuitous transfer of the stock from Sr. to Jr. was valid under Louisiana law governing donations of incorporeal movables and community property, including the requirement of spousal consent.

## Decision

- The Louisiana Fifth Circuit reversed the trial court’s judgment recognizing Jr. as owner of GJA, Inc.
- The court held that the stock certificate was not conclusive of ownership and did not, by itself, prove a valid transfer of the shares from Sr. to Jr.
- The court found no legally effective donation or other lawful conveyance of the community-funded ownership interest to Jr., particularly in light of missing donation formalities and Jeanette’s lack of consent.
- The matter was sent back for proceedings consistent with the opinion, with GJA treated as belonging to the community/succession rather than solely to Jr.

## Legal Principles

- A stock certificate is evidence of share ownership; it does not itself establish ownership when the underlying issuance or transfer is not legally effective.
- Courts may look to capitalization, financial contributions, and the parties’ conduct (including tax filings and public representations) to determine who owned the corporate interest in a closely held corporation.
- Under Louisiana law, an inter vivos donation of corporate stock (an incorporeal movable) generally requires the form required for donations; informal arrangements or issuance of a certificate to the alleged donee do not substitute for the required act.
- A gratuitous transfer of community property requires the non-donating spouse’s consent; absent that consent, the attempted transfer is ineffective against the community.

## Conclusion

The appellate court ruled that Jr.’s stock certificate did not prove he became owner of GJA, Inc. because the corporation was funded with community-derived assets and there was no valid donation or transfer meeting Louisiana form requirements or obtaining Jeanette’s consent; accordingly, GJA remained an asset of the community/succession, and the judgment recognizing Jr. as sole owner was reversed.


Ackel v. Ackel, 595 So. 2d 739 (1992)