## Facts

- Adams Challenge (UK) Limited (Adams), a United Kingdom corporation, owned a multi-purpose offshore support vessel equipped for offshore oil-and-gas work (the Challenge Vessel).
- During tax years 2009–2011, Adams earned charter income by providing the Challenge Vessel (with crew) to EPIC Diving & Marine Services, LLC (EPIC), a United States company.
- EPIC used the Challenge Vessel on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) in the Gulf of Mexico to support offshore work that included decommissioning oil and gas wells and removing hurricane-related debris.
- The United States has exclusive rights to explore and exploit natural resources in the OCS, though the OCS is not generally included in the statutory definition of the “United States.”
- Adams’s crew performed work connected to EPIC’s offshore projects, including work on the ocean floor in the OCS area.
- Adams received approximately $45 million of gross income from the charter arrangements over 2009–2011 and took the position that the income was not subject to U.S. federal income tax.
- The IRS issued a notice of deficiency asserting that the charter income was taxable as income effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business and raised related issues about Adams’s entitlement to deductions and credits given its filing posture.
- Adams petitioned the U.S. Tax Court for redetermination. Adams moved for summary judgment, and the Commissioner filed a cross-motion for partial summary judgment.

## Issues

1. Whether Adams’s charter income from the Challenge Vessel’s OCS operations was income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States under I.R.C. § 882(a)(1), taking into account I.R.C. § 638 and the regulations treating certain OCS activities as occurring within the “United States” for specified federal income tax purposes.
2. If the income was effectively connected, whether the U.S.–U.K. income tax treaty nevertheless prevented U.S. taxation because the income was not attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment, or whether the treaty’s offshore-activities provision deemed Adams to have a U.S. permanent establishment.
3. Whether Adams could claim deductions and credits against the asserted effectively connected income in light of the statutory rules governing deductions and credits for foreign corporations and the timing/adequacy of Adams’s U.S. return filings.

## Decision

- The court held that Adams was engaged in a trade or business within the United States for purposes of § 882 because § 638 and Treas. Reg. § 1.638-1 treat the relevant OCS activities as occurring within the United States when they relate to the exploration or exploitation of natural resources.
- The court held that Adams’s charter income from the Challenge Vessel’s OCS work was effectively connected income taxable to Adams under I.R.C. § 882(a)(1).
- The court held that the U.S.–U.K. treaty did not exempt the income because the treaty’s offshore-activities article applied and deemed Adams to have a U.S. permanent establishment with respect to the offshore activities.
- The court granted the Commissioner’s cross-motion for partial summary judgment and denied Adams’s motion for summary judgment on the effectively connected income and treaty issues, and it addressed the Commissioner’s summary-judgment arguments concerning Adams’s ability to claim deductions and credits given its filing posture.

## Legal Principles

- A foreign corporation is subject to U.S. federal income tax on taxable income that is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. (I.R.C. § 882(a)(1))
- Although “United States” generally does not include the OCS for definitional purposes, I.R.C. § 638 and Treas. Reg. § 1.638-1 extend specified federal income tax rules to the seabed and subsoil of certain adjacent submarine areas when applying provisions “with respect to” exploration or exploitation of natural resources (including oil and gas wells).
- Offshore vessel operations supporting decommissioning and related work on oil and gas wells can be treated as activities related to the exploitation of natural resources within the meaning of § 638 and its regulations, bringing those activities within the § 882 “trade or business within the United States” framework.
- Under the U.S.–U.K. income tax treaty, business profits are generally taxable in the source state only if attributable to a permanent establishment, and the treaty’s offshore-activities article can deem a permanent establishment where offshore activities are carried on in connection with exploration or exploitation of the seabed, subsoil, and their natural resources. (Treaty arts. 7 and 21)
- Statutory limitations applicable to foreign taxpayers may restrict deductions and credits where required U.S. returns are not timely and properly filed. (See, e.g., I.R.C. § 882(c)(2))

## Conclusion

Adams Challenge (UK) Limited v. Commissioner holds that a U.K. vessel owner’s charter income from offshore support work on the U.S. OCS was effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business under § 882 because § 638 and its regulations treat qualifying OCS natural-resource activities as occurring within the United States, and the U.S.–U.K. treaty did not shield that income because its offshore-activities provision deemed a U.S. permanent establishment; the court granted the Commissioner partial summary judgment and denied the taxpayer’s summary-judgment motion, while also addressing limits on deductions and credits tied to the taxpayer’s U.S. filing posture.


Adams Challenge (UK) Limited v. Commissioner, 154 T.C. 3 (2020)