## Facts

- John Jankouskas and Stella Jankouskas married in 1944; each had children from prior marriages.
- Stella owned and operated a small beauty shop; John later obtained long-term employment.
- In 1947, Stella formed Jan’s Apartments, Inc.; all corporate shares were issued in Stella’s name.
- The corporation acquired an apartment building; John spent years remodeling it, and Stella operated her beauty shop from the building while it also generated rental income.
- The corporation later acquired a residence used by the couple; John paid rent to the corporation for their joint use of the home.
- The spouses’ incomes were effectively pooled into joint and corporate accounts controlled by Stella, while the assets and stock remained titled solely in Stella’s or the corporation’s name.
- Stella died in 1977 with an estate valued at roughly $350,000; her will left John limited personal property and left the bulk to her niece, Dolores Adams.
- John brought an equity action asserting that the couple’s long-standing arrangement and joint efforts created a beneficial half-interest for him in assets titled in Stella’s name or held through the corporation.

## Issues

1. Whether the evidence supported imposing a constructive trust or resulting trust recognizing John’s equitable half-interest in the disputed assets.
2. Whether Delaware’s estate non-claim statute, 12 Del. C. § 2102, barred John’s action for failure to present it within the statutory period.
3. Whether a release executed by John barred his equitable ownership claims.
4. Whether laches barred relief due to delay and resulting prejudice.
5. Whether the trial court correctly calculated the award, including allocation of taxes, costs, fees, and expenses associated with the assets awarded to John.

## Decision

- The Delaware Supreme Court affirmed the imposition of a constructive or resulting trust recognizing John’s equitable half-interest based on the marital arrangement and joint contributions despite legal title being in Stella or the corporation.
- The court held 12 Del. C. § 2102 did not bar the action because John asserted an equitable ownership interest in specific property, not a creditor-type claim against the estate.
- The court held the release did not bar John’s claims because it did not clearly and unambiguously cover the broader equitable ownership dispute.
- The court held laches did not bar the action because the timing was reasonable under the circumstances and the required showing of prejudice was not established.
- The court reversed in part and remanded solely to recalculate the award, requiring apportionment to John of taxes, costs, fees, and expenses necessary for and directly attributable to maintenance and preservation of the assets he received or was awarded.

## Legal Principles

- A constructive trust may be imposed to prevent unjust enrichment where one party holds title under circumstances making it inequitable to retain full beneficial ownership.
- A resulting trust may be recognized when the parties’ conduct and financial arrangements show an intent that beneficial ownership differ from legal title.
- In a marital context, long-term pooling of resources and substantial contributions of labor and funds can justify equitable recognition of beneficial ownership interests notwithstanding title formalities.
- Delaware’s estate non-claim statute bars late-presented creditor claims against an estate, but it does not bar an action asserting equitable ownership in specific property that should not be treated as wholly estate property.
- A release is construed according to its scope and clarity; ambiguous or limited releases are not read to extinguish broader equitable ownership claims absent clear language.
- Laches requires unreasonable delay and resulting prejudice; equitable claims are not barred where delay is reasonable and prejudice is not shown.
- When equity awards a fractional beneficial interest in property, fairness requires allocating the corresponding share of taxes and expenses tied to acquiring, maintaining, and preserving that property.

## Conclusion

The court upheld equitable relief granting the surviving spouse a half-interest in jointly accumulated assets titled in the decedent spouse or a closely held corporation, rejected statutory and equitable time bars and a purported release as defenses, and remanded only to ensure the spouse’s award bore its fair share of taxes and expenses associated with the property.


Adams v. Jankouskas, 452 A.2d 148 (Del. 1982)