## Facts

- Frank O’Neal Addington’s mother petitioned under Texas law for his indefinite involuntary civil commitment, citing a long history of confinements for mental and emotional disorders.
- A Texas trial court submitted the case to a jury and instructed that commitment required “clear, unequivocal and convincing evidence” that Addington was mentally ill and required hospitalization for his own protection or the protection of others.
- The jury found the statutory predicates satisfied, and the court ordered Addington’s indefinite commitment to a state mental hospital.
- On appeal, Addington argued that due process required proof beyond a reasonable doubt; the Texas Court of Civil Appeals agreed and reversed.
- The Texas Supreme Court reversed, reinstated the commitment order, and held that a preponderance of the evidence was sufficient; it treated the trial court’s higher instruction as harmless because it favored Addington.
- Addington sought review in the U.S. Supreme Court on the constitutional standard of proof required for indefinite involuntary civil commitment.

## Issues

1. What standard of proof the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause requires for a state-law civil proceeding to commit an individual involuntarily to a state mental hospital for an indefinite period.
2. Whether due process permits a preponderance of the evidence standard, requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt, or instead requires an intermediate standard.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court held that due process requires proof by clear and convincing evidence for indefinite involuntary civil commitment.
- The Court rejected preponderance of the evidence as constitutionally insufficient and rejected beyond a reasonable doubt as not constitutionally required in this civil context.
- The Court vacated the Texas Supreme Court’s judgment and remanded for further proceedings consistent with the clear-and-convincing standard.

## Legal Principles

- Indefinite involuntary civil commitment entails a massive curtailment of liberty and can carry significant stigma and adverse social consequences, so the risk of erroneous commitment must be meaningfully reduced.
- Due process requires a standard of proof higher than preponderance of the evidence when the individual interest is of great weight and the consequences of error fall primarily on the individual.
- The preponderance standard is inadequate because it roughly equalizes the risk of error between the parties, while commitment proceedings require a greater tilt toward protecting against erroneous confinement.
- Beyond a reasonable doubt is not required because civil commitment is not punitive, and the uncertainties of psychiatric diagnosis and prediction could make the criminal standard an unreasonable barrier to treatment and public-protection objectives.
- Clear and convincing evidence strikes the required constitutional balance between the individual’s liberty interest and the state’s interests in treatment and community safety.

## Conclusion

The Court set a constitutional minimum burden of proof for indefinite involuntary civil commitment: the state must establish the grounds for commitment by clear and convincing evidence, ensuring greater protection against erroneous confinement than ordinary civil litigation while stopping short of the criminal reasonable-doubt standard.


Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418 (1979)