## Facts

- In 2007, OOO “Agro-Holding” (Agro-Holding), a Russian company, and Valars S.A. (Valars), a Swiss company, agreed on a wheat delivery transaction.
- The parties exchanged the contract text by fax. The faxed contract stated that its terms would be valid until the parties exchanged signed originals, but the originals were never exchanged.
- The faxed contract included an arbitration clause referring disputes to arbitration under the Grain and Feed Trade Association (GAFTA) in London.
- A dispute arose concerning performance of the wheat contract, and the matter proceeded to GAFTA arbitration seated in London.
- The GAFTA tribunal issued an award in Valars’s favor for approximately USD 666,000, plus interest, costs, and expenses.
- Valars applied to Russian commercial (arbitrazh) courts for recognition and enforcement of the foreign arbitral award. Lower courts granted enforcement.
- Agro-Holding sought review before the Russian Federation Supreme Arbitrazh Court, arguing that (1) the contract and arbitration clause were not valid because the parties never exchanged original signed documents, and (2) Valars failed to show Agro-Holding was duly notified of the arbitration’s time and place, raising the 1965 Hague Service Convention.

## Issues

1. Whether a contract and arbitration agreement evidenced by an exchange of faxes satisfied applicable written-form requirements for recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award, despite the parties’ reference to later exchange of signed originals that never occurred.
2. Whether enforcement should be refused because Agro-Holding allegedly was not duly notified of the arbitration proceedings, including arguments based on the 1965 Hague Service Convention.

## Decision

- The Supreme Arbitrazh Court upheld recognition and enforcement of the GAFTA award in Russia.
- The court treated the fax exchange as sufficient written evidence of both the sales contract and the arbitration clause for enforcement purposes.
- The court rejected Agro-Holding’s argument that the absence of exchanged originals prevented contract formation or invalidated the arbitration agreement.
- On notice, the court declined to refuse enforcement, concluding that the record did not establish a lack of due notice or inability to present a case; Agro-Holding’s communications relating to the arbitration supported the conclusion that it was aware of the proceedings.
- The court did not accept Agro-Holding’s attempt to use the Hague Service Convention as a technical bar to enforcement on these facts.

## Legal Principles

- An arbitration agreement may satisfy a “written” requirement when it is evidenced by exchanged telecommunications such as faxes, including in the enforcement context.
- A clause stating that terms remain valid until signed originals are exchanged does not, by itself, negate the parties’ assent where essential terms and the arbitration clause are set out in exchanged written communications.
- When assessing “writing” in an international sales setting, a court may look to CISG Article 13’s broad understanding of “writing” (including telegram and telex) as support for treating fax communications as written form.
- Under the New York Convention framework, refusal of enforcement is exceptional; the party resisting enforcement must show a recognized refusal ground (including invalidity of the arbitration agreement or lack of due notice).
- Evidence that the respondent corresponded with the arbitral tribunal can support a finding of due notice and an opportunity to participate, defeating a refusal request based on lack of notice.
- The Hague Service Convention, aimed at service of judicial documents abroad, does not automatically control how notice in private arbitral proceedings must be transmitted for an award to be enforceable.

## Conclusion

Agro-Holding v. Valars S.A. confirms that Russian commercial courts may enforce a foreign GAFTA award where the contract and arbitration clause are documented through fax exchanges, even if signed originals were never exchanged, and where the respondent’s notice objections—framed in part through the Hague Service Convention—do not show a Convention-based ground to refuse enforcement.


Agro-Holding v. Valars S.A., No. 16894/08 (2009)