## Facts

- TACA International Airlines, S.A. (TACA) was a Salvadoran airline that operated international routes, including flights to and from the United States.
- Since 1949, TACA’s pilots—of mixed nationalities, with many residing in the United States—had been based in New Orleans.
- The pilots were represented by the Airline Pilots Association, International, AFL-CIO (ALPA), and TACA had a collective-bargaining relationship with ALPA.
- In 1982, the United States and El Salvador entered an air-transport agreement that contemplated each country’s compliance with the other’s air-transportation labor laws while operating in that country.
- In 1983, El Salvador amended its constitution to require Salvadoran public-service companies, including airlines, to locate their base of operations in El Salvador, and the Salvadoran government directed TACA to move its pilot base to El Salvador.
- During negotiations with ALPA, TACA announced it would relocate the pilot base from New Orleans to El Salvador, end ALPA’s representation role, and impose new employment terms; pilots were told to accept the change or face termination.
- ALPA filed suit in federal court seeking to stop TACA’s unilateral changes and to require compliance with the Railway Labor Act (RLA).
- The district court concluded that TACA’s planned actions would violate the RLA’s bargaining and status-quo requirements and entered injunctive relief preventing TACA from relocating the pilot base, changing terms unilaterally, recruiting replacements, or interfering with the pilots’ selection of ALPA.
- TACA appealed, supported by an amicus curiae filing from the government of El Salvador. TACA did not contest that its conduct would violate the RLA absent a defense; it argued that the act-of-state doctrine and a foreign-compulsion defense justified compliance with the Salvadoran measures.

## Issues

1. Whether TACA’s announced relocation of the pilot base, refusal to deal with ALPA, and unilateral changes to employment terms violated the Railway Labor Act.
2. Whether the 1982 U.S.–El Salvador air-transport agreement displaced or limited application of the Railway Labor Act to TACA’s labor relations with its New Orleans-based pilot workforce.
3. Whether the act-of-state doctrine barred a U.S. court from enjoining TACA’s conduct where El Salvador had taken constitutional and governmental action affecting TACA’s operations.
4. Whether TACA was excused from complying with the Railway Labor Act under a foreign-compulsion defense based on alleged legal requirements imposed by El Salvador.

## Decision

- The Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court’s injunctive relief.
- The court agreed that TACA’s refusal to recognize and bargain with ALPA and its unilateral attempt to impose new employment terms violated the Railway Labor Act.
- The court rejected TACA’s argument that the 1982 air-transport agreement authorized conduct inconsistent with the RLA or otherwise abrogated the statute’s requirements in this dispute.
- The court held the act-of-state doctrine did not prevent adjudication or enforcement of the RLA under the circumstances presented.
- The court rejected the foreign-compulsion defense, concluding the record did not justify excusing violations of U.S. labor law on the basis of El Salvador’s actions.

## Legal Principles

- The Railway Labor Act applies to airline labor relations and requires carriers to recognize and bargain with the employees’ representative and to maintain the status quo during bargaining and dispute-resolution processes.
- An executive agreement or bilateral aviation agreement does not repeal or override an otherwise applicable federal statute absent clear authority; implied repeal is disfavored.
- The act-of-state doctrine does not automatically bar a U.S. court from enforcing federal statutory rights merely because a foreign government has taken related action; the doctrine is limited and depends on whether the court must pass on the validity of a foreign sovereign act in a way that triggers the doctrine’s concerns.
- A foreign-compulsion defense requires a strong showing of genuine compulsion and a sufficient conflict between legal commands; courts also consider comity factors such as each nation’s interests, the location of the conduct, hardship from inconsistent obligations, the actor’s ties to each jurisdiction, and the likelihood that enforcement will achieve compliance.
- Injunctive relief may issue to enforce the RLA’s bargaining and status-quo obligations where a carrier attempts unilateral changes that would disrupt collective bargaining and representation rights.

## Conclusion

The Fifth Circuit upheld an injunction requiring TACA to comply with the Railway Labor Act while bargaining with ALPA, blocking TACA from relocating its long-standing New Orleans pilot base and imposing new terms unilaterally; neither the U.S.–El Salvador aviation agreement, nor the act-of-state doctrine, nor claimed foreign compulsion justified violating the RLA.


Airline Pilots Association, International, AFL-CIO v. TACA International Airlines, 748 F.2d 965 (1984)