## Facts

- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) issued a final rule in 2000 listing the Alabama sturgeon as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).
- The Alabama sturgeon is a freshwater fish native to Alabama’s Mobile River Basin; its decline was attributed to historical overfishing, dams, dredging and channeling for navigation, and degraded water and habitat quality.
- Commercial and navigation-related plaintiffs challenged the listing, asserting it would affect river-related economic activities.
- A central dispute was whether the Alabama sturgeon is a distinct species or merely the shovelnose sturgeon; plaintiffs argued genetic data did not support a separate species designation and that FWS relied too heavily on older morphological taxonomy.
- Plaintiffs also argued FWS violated the ESA by failing to designate critical habitat at the time of listing and contended that applying the ESA to this intrastate species exceeded Congress’s Commerce Clause power.
- The district court granted summary judgment for the government on the merits and ordered FWS to complete critical habitat designation on a schedule; plaintiffs appealed and sought vacatur of the listing.

## Issues

1. Whether FWS acted arbitrarily or capriciously, or contrary to the ESA’s “best scientific and commercial data available” requirement, in determining the Alabama sturgeon is a distinct endangered species.
2. Whether FWS’s failure to designate critical habitat concurrently with listing required vacatur of the listing rule.
3. Whether the ESA’s application to a purely intrastate, noncommercial species exceeds Congress’s authority under the Commerce Clause.

## Decision

- The Eleventh Circuit affirmed summary judgment for the government and upheld the endangered listing.
- The court held FWS reasonably concluded, based on the record, that the Alabama sturgeon is a distinct species and that listing it as endangered satisfied the ESA’s “best available data” standard.
- The court agreed FWS violated the ESA’s timing requirement for critical habitat designation, but held vacatur was not the proper remedy; leaving the listing in place while compelling habitat designation on a court-ordered schedule better served the ESA’s protective purposes.
- The court rejected the Commerce Clause challenge, holding ESA protection of intrastate species is valid as part of a comprehensive regulatory scheme that substantially affects interstate commerce.

## Legal Principles

- Under the APA’s arbitrary-and-capricious standard, courts uphold agency action if the agency considered relevant factors and reasonably explained its decision; courts do not reweigh scientific evidence.
- The ESA’s “best scientific and commercial data available” requirement obligates an agency to use the best available information, not to achieve scientific certainty or adopt any particular methodology (including genetics) as controlling.
- Agencies may resolve conflicts in technical and scientific evidence within their area of delegated authority when their reasoning is adequately explained and supported by the administrative record.
- A statutory violation in the timing of critical habitat designation does not automatically require vacating an otherwise valid listing; equitable remedies may preserve protections while compelling compliance.
- Congress may regulate activities affecting endangered species, including for intrastate species, when doing so is an essential component of a broader statutory program regulating conduct with substantial effects on interstate commerce.

## Conclusion

The Eleventh Circuit sustained FWS’s endangered listing of the Alabama sturgeon, deferred to the agency’s reasoned resolution of competing scientific evidence under the ESA’s “best available data” standard, declined to vacate the listing for delayed critical habitat designation, and held the ESA’s application to an intrastate species constitutional under the Commerce Clause.


Alabama-Tombigbee Rivers Coal. v. Kempthorne, 477 F.3d 1250 (11th Cir. 2007)