## Facts

- Douglas Allred and George Diumenti owned an airplane.
- Arthur Ritter and Larry Brown owned and operated several air-transport businesses; Brown flew as a pilot for those businesses.
- Diumenti negotiated a written lease of the airplane with Ritter for use in the air-transport operations.
- Ritter signed the lease; Brown did not sign it, but he was present during the negotiations.
- During negotiations, Diumenti stated that Brown had to obtain insurance before flying the airplane.
- Several days after the lease was signed, Diumenti met with Brown and delivered the airplane’s keys to him; Diumenti again told Brown to get insurance before flying.
- Brown flew the airplane without obtaining insurance and crashed it, causing substantial damage.
- Allred and Diumenti sued Ritter and Brown for damages arising from the crash.
- After earlier appellate proceedings and a remand, the trial court entered judgment against Brown on a bailment theory, finding that a bailment existed between Diumenti and Brown and that it included an express requirement that Brown obtain insurance before flying.
- Brown appealed, arguing that he was not personally bound by any lease or bailment term requiring him to procure insurance.

## Issues

1. Whether the evidence supported the trial court’s determination that Diumenti and Brown formed a bailment contract to fly the airplane, with Brown personally accepting contractual duties even though he did not sign the written lease.
2. Whether the evidence supported the trial court’s finding that the alleged bailment included an express term requiring Brown to obtain insurance before flying, such that Brown could be held liable on that contract/bailment theory for the crash damage.

## Decision

- The Utah Court of Appeals reversed the judgment imposing bailment-based liability on Brown and remanded for further proceedings.
- The court concluded that the record did not support the trial court’s finding of an enforceable bailment contract between Diumenti and Brown that imposed on Brown, personally, an express duty to obtain insurance before flying.
- Brown’s presence during the lease negotiations, and Diumenti’s repeated statements about insurance, did not by themselves establish Brown’s assent to be bound as a contracting party on an insurance-procurement obligation.
- Because Ritter (not Brown) signed the lease, and because the proof of a separate, binding agreement between Diumenti and Brown was insufficient, the trial court erred in treating Brown as personally liable on the contract/bailment theory it adopted.

## Legal Principles

- A bailment arises from delivery of possession of personal property and acceptance by the recipient for a particular purpose, based on an agreement—express or implied—as to the object and terms of the bailment.
- Contract-based liability (including liability framed as a bailment contract) requires evidence of the alleged obligor’s assent; personal liability is not established merely by association with a signatory or by being present during negotiations.
- A person who does not sign a written agreement is not bound to its terms absent adequate proof that the person separately agreed to be bound or otherwise assumed the obligation.
- An appellate court will reverse a judgment resting on a factual finding when the record does not contain sufficient evidence to support the finding that a binding agreement existed on the terms found by the trial court.

## Conclusion

The Utah Court of Appeals reversed the post-remand judgment holding Brown liable for the aircraft damage on a bailment/contract theory because the evidence did not show that Brown, who did not sign the lease, personally agreed to a bailment term requiring him to obtain insurance before flying; the case was remanded for further proceedings consistent with that conclusion.


Allred v. Brown, 893 P.2d 1087 (1995)