## Facts

- Carl W. Mays, a Boston Red Sox pitcher, left the club after being struck in the head by a thrown ball during a game and later claimed injury and a nervous breakdown.
- Ban Johnson, president of the American League, treated Mays’s absence as desertion and urged that Mays be punished.
- Boston assigned Mays’s player contract to the American League Baseball Club of New York (New York), which accepted the assignment.
- After learning of the assignment, Johnson suspended Mays indefinitely, asserting authority under league governing documents.
- The league constitution allocated discipline-related powers among the board of directors, the league president, and individual clubs, including: (i) board power to punish clubs; (ii) presidential power to suspend players for conduct detrimental to the game in the performance of presidential duties; and (iii) club power to regulate and discipline its own players, subject to higher league instruments.
- New York sought a preliminary injunction to prevent enforcement of the suspension so Mays could play while the case proceeded.

## Issues

1. Whether the American League president had authority under the league constitution and rules to suspend a player for conduct occurring while the player was under contract with another club, after the contract had been assigned.
2. Whether the suspension, if unauthorized, constituted an improper interference with New York’s contractual and property interests in the player contract warranting injunctive relief.
3. Whether a history of prior, unchallenged suspensions could expand the president’s authority beyond the written limits of the league constitution.

## Decision

- The court granted New York’s motion for a preliminary (pendente lite) injunction restraining Johnson from enforcing Mays’s suspension.
- The court concluded that the president’s asserted disciplinary authority was limited by the league constitution and did not extend to the suspension imposed in these circumstances.
- The court found that the suspension threatened substantial contractual and competitive interests not readily compensable by damages, supporting equitable relief to preserve the status quo.

## Legal Principles

- The constitution and rules of a private sports league operate as binding contractual instruments that allocate authority among league officials and member clubs; officials must act within the authority granted.
- A court may enjoin disciplinary action by a league official when the action exceeds granted authority and interferes with a club’s contract-based property interests, including player services and competitive position.
- Custom, past practice, or acquiescence does not, by itself, enlarge an official’s powers beyond the limits set by the league’s governing documents.

## Conclusion

The court issued a preliminary injunction because the league president’s indefinite suspension of a player, imposed after assignment of the player contract and without clear constitutional authorization, improperly interfered with the club’s contractual and related property interests and posed harms not adequately remedied by money damages.


Am. League Baseball Club of N.Y. v. Johnson, 179 N.Y.S. 498 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1919)