## Facts

- A Singapore-incorporated commodity supplier (AQZ) and a Singapore subsidiary buyer (ARA) negotiated coal sale contracts in late 2009.
- The parties concluded a contract for a first shipment in January 2010; they disputed whether a second shipment contract was also concluded.
- The buyer commenced SIAC arbitration in March 2013 alleging breach of the second shipment contract and sought damages, interest, and costs.
- The buyer applied for SIAC Expedited Procedure under the 2010 SIAC Rules; the supplier objected, contending there was no arbitration agreement and that the clause required three arbitrators.
- The SIAC President ordered expedited proceedings and appointed a sole arbitrator in July 2013; the supplier participated while reserving its rights.
- After hearings on jurisdiction and liability, the sole arbitrator issued a partial award in May 2014 finding the tribunal had jurisdiction and holding the supplier liable.
- The supplier applied to the High Court to set aside the award under the International Arbitration Act on jurisdictional and related grounds.

## Issues

1. What is the nature and extent of the court’s de novo review when an award is challenged for lack of jurisdiction under the International Arbitration Act and Model Law framework?
2. Whether the arbitration agreement satisfied the statutory “in writing” requirement where the alleged contract and arbitration clause were formed through electronic/documentary exchanges before later amendments expanded the definition.
3. Whether a generic reference to SIAC rules incorporates the version in force at the time of arbitration (including the 2010 expedited procedure).
4. Whether conducting the case under expedited procedure and appointing a sole arbitrator was inconsistent with an arbitration clause specifying arbitration “by three arbitrators,” such that the tribunal was improperly constituted or exceeded its authority.

## Decision

- The High Court dismissed the setting-aside application and left the partial award intact.
- The court confirmed it could examine jurisdiction de novo, but it agreed with the tribunal that a valid arbitration agreement existed and covered the dispute.
- The court held the arbitration agreement was “in writing” within the meaning of the current International Arbitration Act.
- The court held the arbitration clause’s reference to SIAC rules did not freeze the parties to the 2007 rules; the 2010 SIAC Rules applied.
- The court upheld the SIAC President’s decision to apply the expedited procedure and appoint a sole arbitrator, finding no basis to set aside for improper constitution, excess of jurisdiction, or procedural defect.

## Legal Principles

- On a setting-aside application alleging lack of jurisdiction, the court may determine jurisdiction de novo rather than merely reviewing the tribunal’s reasoning.
- An arbitration clause that refers generally to an institution’s rules, without identifying a particular edition, is ordinarily construed to incorporate the rules in force when arbitration commences, absent contrary agreement.
- Where institutional rules validly provide for expedited procedure and tribunal composition (including sole arbitrator appointment), incorporation of those rules can render such procedures consistent with the parties’ arbitration agreement even if the clause also mentions three arbitrators.
- The statutory requirement that an arbitration agreement be “in writing” may be satisfied by documented communications (including electronic exchanges) falling within the expanded definition applied in later proceedings.

## Conclusion

The High Court upheld an award rendered under SIAC’s expedited procedure, holding that the arbitration agreement was valid and “in writing,” that the SIAC Rules in force at commencement governed, and that the sole-arbitrator appointment under the expedited framework did not contradict the parties’ agreement so as to justify setting aside for jurisdictional or procedural reasons.


AQZ v. ARA, [2015] SGHC 49 (Sing. High Ct. 2015)