## Facts

- Atlas Express Ltd, a haulage company, entered into a contract with Kafco (Importers and Distributors) Ltd to deliver baskets to retail customers.
- The original contract was based on a specified price per load.
- Atlas Express later realized the agreed price was insufficient and unilaterally demanded a new minimum charge per load.
- Atlas Express conveyed this demand by sending an empty truck to Kafco, stating that unless the new charge was agreed to, the truck would depart without making any deliveries.
- Facing the risk of breaching an important contract with a major retailer and lacking practical alternatives, Kafco signed the new agreement under pressure.
- Kafco later challenged the validity of the renegotiated contract, asserting they only consented due to economic duress.

## Issues

1. Whether the pressure applied by Atlas Express constituted illegitimate pressure amounting to economic duress.
2. Whether Kafco’s consent to the renegotiated contract was freely given or vitiated by economic duress.
3. Whether the resulting agreement was voidable due to the manner in which consent was obtained.

## Decision

- The High Court found that Atlas Express had applied illegitimate pressure by threatening to withhold delivery unless Kafco agreed to the increased charges.
- Kafco’s consent was not given freely, as it was obtained under compulsion and without real bargaining power.
- The court held that the contract was voidable on the grounds of economic duress.
- The ruling confirmed that a contract, even if signed, can be set aside if executed under illegitimate pressure constituting economic duress.

## Legal Principles

- Economic duress exists where pressure is illegitimate and leaves the victim with no practical alternative but to submit.
- Ordinary commercial pressure does not amount to duress; the pressure must be coercive and undermine contractual consent.
- The immediacy and severity of Atlas Express’s threat distinguished it from legitimate commercial negotiation.
- Reference was made to _Pao On v Lau Yiu Long_ [1980] AC 614, clarifying the distinction between legitimate commercial pressure and economic duress.
- Contracts must be formed with genuine consent, and unfair exploitation or coercion makes the agreement voidable.

## Conclusion

The court held that Atlas Express’s conduct amounted to economic duress, rendering Kafco’s consent invalid and making the contract voidable. The decision reinforces that only freely given consent creates binding contracts and that illegitimate threats or coercion will vitiate contractual agreements.


Atlas Express Ltd v Kafco (Importers and Distributors) Ltd [1989] QB 833