## Facts

- Bharat Aluminium Company Ltd. (BALCO), a Government of India undertaking incorporated in 1965, operated aluminium plants at Korba and Bidhanbag and held land on long-term leases granted by the State between 1968 and 1972.
- From 1990–91 onward, the Union Government pursued a policy to disinvest interests in certain public sector undertakings and constituted a non-statutory Disinvestment Commission to advise on disinvestment.
- For BALCO, the Government pursued a strategic sale of 51% equity with transfer of management control; a global advisor managed the process, bidders were shortlisted after expressions of interest, due diligence was provided, and financial bids were invited.
- An Evaluation Committee fixed a reserve price of ₹514.4 crores; Sterlite Industries (India) Ltd. submitted the highest bid of ₹551.5 crores for 51% equity and management control.
- The Cabinet Committee on Disinvestment accepted the bid on 21 February 2001; shareholders’ and share purchase agreements were executed on 2 March 2001.
- Employees’ unions and others filed writ petitions as public interest litigation challenging the disinvestment on grounds including lack of consultation, alleged arbitrariness in valuation and process, and asserted illegality concerning land originally associated with tribals.
- Related matters filed in High Courts were transferred to the Supreme Court and heard together.

## Issues

1. Whether the Government’s decision to disinvest 51% of BALCO and transfer management control was subject to judicial review, and the permissible scope of that review.
2. Whether employees/unions had a constitutional or natural justice right to prior notice, hearing, or consultation before the disinvestment decision.
3. Whether the share sale and change in management constituted an unlawful transfer of land implicating statutory protections for tribal land and the reasoning of *Samatha*.
4. Whether the valuation, reserve price, and selection of the successful bidder were arbitrary, non-transparent, or unconstitutional.
5. Whether recommendations of the Disinvestment Commission were binding on the Government.
6. Whether public interest litigation was an appropriate vehicle to challenge such disinvestment and whether ex parte relief should be granted in economic-policy matters.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court dismissed the writ petitions and transfer cases and upheld the disinvestment of 51% of BALCO to Sterlite with transfer of management control.
- The Court held the disinvestment decision was an economic-policy measure reviewable only on limited grounds (e.g., illegality, lack of authority, mala fides, or patent arbitrariness), none of which were established.
- The Court rejected claims that employees were entitled to prior consultation or a hearing as a matter of natural justice or under constitutional equality principles.
- The Court held the transaction was a transfer of shares and control, not a transfer of land, and therefore did not trigger the asserted statutory prohibitions on land transfer.
- The Court found no actionable arbitrariness or illegality in the valuation methodology, reserve price, or bid-selection process on the record presented.
- The Court held the Disinvestment Commission’s recommendations were advisory and non-binding.
- The Court disapproved use of PIL to derail economic decisions and cautioned against ex parte relief that could delay or destabilize such transactions.

## Legal Principles

- Courts generally do not reassess the merits, wisdom, or adequacy of governmental economic-policy choices; review is confined to legality, authority, mala fides, and clear constitutional or statutory violations.
- Principles of natural justice do not require a prior hearing or consultation of employees before a governmental decision to disinvest equity or change management of a public sector company.
- A sale of shares and accompanying change of management control does not, without more, amount to a transfer of the company’s landholdings for purposes of land-transfer restrictions.
- Allegations about valuation, reserve price, and bidder selection in disinvestment are not grounds for intervention absent clear proof of arbitrariness, bad faith, or procedural illegality.
- Recommendations of a non-statutory advisory commission do not bind the executive; the Government may depart from them if acting within lawful bounds.
- Public interest litigation is generally unsuitable for challenging complex financial or economic decisions, and interim ex parte orders in such matters should be granted with extreme restraint.

## Conclusion

The Court sustained the Government’s strategic disinvestment of BALCO, emphasizing narrow judicial review of economic policy, rejecting any employee right to prior consultation, treating the transaction as a share sale rather than a land transfer, and declining to invalidate the process absent proof of illegality or bad faith.


BALCO Emps.’ Union (Regd.) v. Union of India, [2001] INSC 646 (India 2001)