## Facts

- BBMB Finance (Hong Kong) Ltd, a financial institution, and Eda Holdings Ltd, a corporate entity, entered into a contract for the provision of foreign exchange services.
- The contract stipulated specific terms regarding exchange rates and timelines for transactions.
- Eda Holdings Ltd failed to fulfill its contractual obligations, resulting in claimed financial losses to BBMB Finance.
- The matter was brought before the Court of Appeal, with the dispute focusing on how to assess damages arising from the breach of contract, specifically in the context of fluctuating foreign exchange markets.

## Issues

1. Whether damages for breach of a foreign exchange contract should be assessed by incorporating the impact of market fluctuations.
2. Whether currency fluctuations are a foreseeable risk that must be considered in the quantification of damages arising from the breach.

## Decision

- The Court of Appeal held that the assessment of damages must account for real-world economic conditions, including market volatility in foreign exchange rates.
- It was determined that market fluctuations are a foreseeable risk in international financial transactions.
- The court endorsed a methodical approach to quantifying damages, requiring reference to objective financial data, such as historical exchange rates and prevailing market trends at the time of breach.
- Expert testimony may be necessary to accurately assess the financial impact of breaches in such contexts.

## Legal Principles

- Damages for breach of contract should reflect the actual financial impact experienced by the plaintiff and consider relevant factors such as market conditions.
- Market fluctuations in foreign exchange are a normal and foreseeable risk for parties in such contracts, and should be factored into damages assessments.
- Contracts involving foreign exchange should include clear terms addressing the allocation of risk associated with market volatility.
- The foreseeability of damages and the duty to mitigate losses are guiding principles when quantifying losses in volatile markets.

## Conclusion

The Court of Appeal in BBMB Finance (Hong Kong) Ltd v Eda Holdings Ltd confirmed that damages for breach of foreign exchange contracts must reflect actual financial losses, taking into account foreseeable market fluctuations, thus setting a precedent for future financial disputes involving volatile markets.


BBMB Finance (Hong Kong) Ltd v Eda Holdings Ltd [1990] 1 WLR 409