## Facts

- In December 2011, Northampton Recruitment Ltd held a Christmas party at a local golf club, attended by employees and the managing director, Mr. Major.
- After the official party ended, a group, including Mr. Major and the claimant, Mr. Bellman, continued socializing at a nearby hotel.
- During this informal gathering, an altercation took place between Mr. Major and Mr. Bellman, resulting in Mr. Major assaulting Mr. Bellman and causing significant injuries.
- Mr. Bellman filed a claim alleging that Northampton Recruitment Ltd was vicariously liable for Mr. Major’s actions.
- The central question before the court was whether the assault occurred “in the course of employment,” thus imposing liability on the company.

## Issues

1. Whether the employer, Northampton Recruitment Ltd, could be held vicariously liable for an assault by an employee that occurred at an informal gathering following an official work event.
2. Whether there was a sufficient connection between Mr. Major’s employment as managing director and his actions during the assault to render the employer liable.
3. To what extent the context of a work-related social event broadens the scope of acts considered as occurring “in the course of employment.”

## Decision

- The Court of Appeal held Northampton Recruitment Ltd vicariously liable for the assault perpetrated by Mr. Major.
- The court found a sufficient connection between Mr. Major’s employment and the assault, despite the incident occurring after the official party and in a different location.
- The assault arose from a work-related discussion, and Mr. Major was acting within his authority as managing director during the informal gathering.
- The judgment determined that the wrongful act was closely connected to Mr. Major’s employment and thus attributable to the employer.

## Legal Principles

- Vicarious liability holds employers responsible for wrongful acts committed by employees in the course of their employment.
- Courts apply a two-stage test: (1) establishing an employment (or equivalent) relationship; (2) assessing whether the wrongful act was sufficiently connected to the employment.
- The “course of employment” test is broadly interpreted in the context of work-related social events, focusing on the employee’s role and the connection between their duties and the wrongful act.
- Principles from previous authorities, such as Mohamud v WM Morrison Supermarkets plc [2016] UKSC 11, guide the assessment of connection and scope of employment.

## Conclusion

The Court of Appeal clarified that employers may be vicariously liable for employee misconduct at work-related social events if there is a sufficient link between the employment and the wrongful act, even if the incident occurs outside normal working hours or in informal settings. This decision highlights the need for employers to implement clear behavioral policies for such events to mitigate potential liabilities.


Bellman v Northampton Recruitment Ltd [2018] EWCA Civ 2214