## Facts

- Mark Bethel rode an NYCTA M5 bus in Manhattan and sat in a fold-up, wheelchair-accessible seat opposite the rear door.
- Bethel testified the seat suddenly collapsed, causing him to fall and injure his back.
- After the incident, an inspection found the seat slightly elevated and not fully returnable to a horizontal position.
- Bethel argued NYCTA had actual or constructive notice of a defect, citing repair records showing the bus was taken out of service 11 days earlier for “Lift Wheelchair” repairs.
- NYCTA presented evidence that the bus was inspected the evening before the incident and no defect in the seat was found.

## Issues

1. Whether a common carrier in New York owes passengers a special, judicially imposed duty of “utmost” or “highest degree” of care, or instead owes only reasonable care under all the circumstances.
2. Whether a jury instruction imposing a “highest degree of care” standard requires reversal when the proper standard is reasonable care.

## Decision

- The Court of Appeals held that a common carrier is subject to the same negligence standard as other defendants: reasonable care under all the circumstances.
- The Court rejected the continued use of a categorical “highest degree of care” duty for common carriers.
- Because the jury was instructed under the heightened standard, the judgment for Bethel was reversed.
- The case was remanded for a new trial with a correct reasonable-care instruction.

## Legal Principles

- Common carriers owe passengers a duty of reasonable care under all the circumstances, not an “utmost” or “highest degree” of care as a matter of law.
- Negligence law does not require formal degrees of care; the factfinder may require greater precautions when circumstances present greater risks, while applying the unitary reasonable-care standard.
- An erroneous instruction imposing a heightened duty is prejudicial when it may cause the jury to impose liability for slight failures that would not constitute negligence under the reasonable-care standard.

## Conclusion

New York abolished the special “highest degree of care” rule for common carriers and aligned carrier liability with ordinary negligence, requiring trial courts to instruct juries to apply reasonable care under the circumstances.


Bethel v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 92 N.Y.2d 348 (1998)