## Facts

- Alessandro Bettini, an opera singer, entered into a contract with Frederick Gye, director of the Royal Italian Opera at Covent Garden.
- Bettini agreed not to perform at any venue within 50 miles of London, except Covent Garden, between January 1, 1875, and December 1, 1875.
- The contract required Bettini to be present in London “without fail” six days before rehearsals for performances scheduled from March 30 to July 13, 1875.
- Bettini arrived only two days before the rehearsal period rather than the stipulated six days.
- Due to Bettini’s late arrival, Gye refused to honor the contract, claiming the breach entitled him to terminate the agreement.

## Issues

1. Whether the requirement for Bettini to arrive six days before rehearsals was a condition (a fundamental term) or a warranty (a less significant term) of the contract.
2. Whether Gye was entitled to treat the contract as repudiated and refuse Bettini's services due to this breach.

## Decision

- The court held that the requirement to arrive six days before rehearsals was not a condition but a warranty.
- The breach did not affect the fundamental nature or main purpose of the contract, which was for Bettini’s continued performance over the engagement.
- As the breach was of a warranty, Gye was not entitled to terminate the contract but was limited to claiming damages for any loss suffered from Bettini’s late arrival.
- The court emphasized that only breaches of essential terms going "to the root of the matter" justify termination.

## Legal Principles

- A contractual term is a condition only if its breach deprives the innocent party of the essential benefit of the contract; otherwise, the term is a warranty providing a remedy only in damages.
- The distinction between conditions and warranties depends on the importance of the term to the purpose of the contract, not just its wording.
- The case established that not every breach permits rescission; courts must analyze whether the term breached is fundamental to contract performance.

## Conclusion

Bettini v Gye established that not all contractual terms are conditions; only those going to the root of the contract justify termination for breach. Here, Bettini’s late arrival was a breach of warranty, not a condition, so Gye was only entitled to damages and not contract repudiation. The decision remains significant in the classification of contractual terms and the remedies for their breach.

Bettini v Gye (1876) 1 QBD 183