## Facts

- In 1994, Mathew Musladin shot and killed Tom Studer and claimed self-defense.
- During Musladin’s California murder trial, members of the victim’s family sat in the front row wearing buttons displaying the victim’s photograph, visible to the jury.
- Defense counsel sought an order prohibiting the buttons as prejudicial; the trial court denied the request, finding no prejudice.
- The jury convicted Musladin of murder, rejecting self-defense.

## Issues

1. Whether, under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), a state court unreasonably applied clearly established Supreme Court law by rejecting a fair-trial claim based on spectators wearing victim-image buttons in the courtroom.
2. Whether Supreme Court precedent on inherently prejudicial courtroom practices clearly extends to private spectator conduct for AEDPA purposes.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court unanimously reversed the Ninth Circuit.
- The Court held that the Ninth Circuit improperly treated Supreme Court decisions about state-sponsored courtroom practices as clearly establishing a rule governing spectator conduct.
- Because the Supreme Court had not clearly resolved whether spectator displays like victim-photo buttons can be inherently prejudicial, the state court’s decision could not be “contrary to” or an “unreasonable application” of clearly established federal law under AEDPA.
- Musladin’s conviction remained intact.

## Legal Principles

- Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), federal habeas relief is available only when the state court decision is contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law as determined by Supreme Court holdings (not dicta).
- Supreme Court cases finding “inherent prejudice” (e.g., compelled prison clothing or conspicuous courtroom security) addressed government-sponsored courtroom practices, not private spectator expression.
- When Supreme Court precedent does not clearly answer the specific constitutional question presented, a state court’s resolution generally cannot be deemed an unreasonable application for AEDPA purposes.
- Federal courts may not rely on lower-court precedent to supply “clearly established” law missing from Supreme Court holdings.

## Conclusion

The Court held that AEDPA barred habeas relief because no Supreme Court holding clearly established that spectators’ victim-image buttons are inherently prejudicial, so the state court’s rejection of Musladin’s fair-trial claim could not be deemed an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law.


Carey v. Musladin, 549 U.S. 70 (2006)