## **Learning Outcomes**

This article explains the direct and indirect methods for presenting operating cash flows on the cash flow statement, including:

- Distinguishing clearly between the structure, inputs, and presentation of the direct and indirect methods for reporting cash flows from operating activities
- Reconstructing operating cash flows using each method from income statement data, balance sheet changes, and additional disclosures
- Interpreting the reconciliation from net income to operating cash flows and identifying the required adjustments for non‑cash items and working capital movements
- Evaluating how the choice of method affects liquidity assessment, cash‑generation analysis, and comparability across issuers
- Identifying the main advantages and limitations of each method from an analyst’s and standard‑setter’s standpoint
- Linking typical CFA Level 1 question formats to the core mechanics of the two methods to anticipate where calculations and classifications may go wrong
- Spotting common exam traps, such as confusing accrual figures with cash amounts, misclassifying interest and tax cash flows, or double‑counting working capital changes

## **CFA Level 1 Syllabus**

For the CFA Level 1 exam, you are expected to understand the preparation and analysis of cash flow statements, including recognizing the distinctions between the direct and indirect formats for reporting operating cash flows, with a focus on the following syllabus points:

- Identifying and describing the direct and indirect methods for presenting cash flows from operating activities
- Reconstructing operating cash flows using both methods given relevant information
- Explaining the effect of each method on the interpretation of cash flow statements
- Analyzing the limitations of each reporting method for financial analysis
- Recognizing common exam pitfalls and calculation errors for cash flow statement questions

## **Test Your Knowledge**

_Attempt these questions before reading this article. If you find some difficult or cannot remember the answers, remember to look more closely at that area during your revision._

1. What are the primary differences in the presentation of cash flows from operating activities between the direct and indirect methods?
2. A company reports net income, depreciation, and changes in working capital. Which reporting method starts with net income and makes adjustments to arrive at operating cash flows?
3. Why might the direct method be more useful for assessing an issuer's liquidity risks?
4. True or false? Both methods result in the same amount of net cash flow from operating activities for the same period.

## **Introduction**

Understanding the cash flow statement is essential for CFA Level 1 exam success. The statement of cash flows provides critical information about a firm's cash receipts and payments during a period. The two permitted reporting methods—direct and indirect—differ in how they present operating cash flows, but both ultimately calculate the same net total. This article explains the principles, requirements, and implications of each method, focusing on the exam-relevant distinctions and their role in financial analysis.

> **Key Term: direct method**
> The approach to reporting cash flows from operating activities by presenting the major categories of gross cash receipts and payments—for example, cash received from customers and cash paid to suppliers and employees—directly on the cash flow statement.
>
> **Key Term: indirect method**
> The approach to reporting cash flows from operating activities by starting with net income (profit or loss) and adjusting for non-cash transactions and changes in working capital to reconcile to net cash from operating activities.

## **Presentation of Cash Flows from Operating Activities**

A company's cash flow statement is divided into three sections: operating, investing, and financing activities. Only the operating section can be presented by two accepted methods: the direct method and the indirect method. The choice of method impacts presentation—but not the total—of cash flow from operating activities.

### Direct Method

Under the direct method, the statement shows the main classes of gross cash receipts and payments—for example, cash received from customers, cash paid to suppliers, and cash paid for taxes—providing a transparent view of the firm's cash flows from its core operations.

Typical direct method presentation:

- Cash received from customers
- Cash paid to suppliers and employees
- Cash generated from operations
- Interest and income taxes paid (sometimes shown separately)

The sum of these items equals net cash from operating activities.

### Indirect Method

The indirect method does not show cash receipts or payments directly. Instead, it starts with net income and adjusts for:

- Non-cash expenses, such as depreciation and amortization
- Gains and losses recognized in profit or loss but classified as investing or financing activities
- Changes in working capital accounts (e.g., accounts receivable, inventory, accounts payable)

The reconciliation results in net cash provided by (or used in) operating activities. This is the most common format in practice and frequently used in CFA exam questions.

### **Worked Example 1.1**

**Company A's net income is \$500, depreciation expense is \$75, accounts receivable increase by \$20, inventory decreases by \$15, and accounts payable decreases by \$10. Calculate operating cash flow using the indirect method.**

> **Answer:**
> Net income: \$500
> Add: Depreciation (non-cash): +\$75
> Subtract: Increase in accounts receivable: -\$20
> Add: Decrease in inventory: +\$15
> Subtract: Decrease in accounts payable: -\$10
> Operating cash flow: \$500 + \$75 - \$20 + \$15 - \$10 = \$560

### Comparison of Direct and Indirect Methods

- Both methods result in the same net cash flow from operating activities for the same period.
- The direct method provides explicit cash flow categories, which can improve assessment of a company's cash-generating ability and liquidity.
- The indirect method is often easier to prepare using data from the accrual-based income statement, focusing on reconciliations rather than direct cash flows.

### Advantages and Limitations

**Direct Method:**

- Provides clearer visibility of actual cash flows from operations.
- Preferred by standard-setters (e.g., IASB, FASB) but less commonly used in practice due to data collection complexity and cost.
- Useful for analysts focusing on cash-based liquidity measures.

**Indirect Method:**

- Easier and less costly to compile from accrual accounting records.
- Highlights the connection between net profit and operating cash flows.
- Can obscure details of gross cash inflows and outflows, which are sometimes important for liquidity analysis.

### Worked Example 1.2

**Here are extracted accounts for Company B for the year:**

- Cash received from customers: \$800
- Cash paid to suppliers: \$500
- Cash paid for operating expenses: \$120
- Cash paid for interest: \$25
- Cash paid for income taxes: \$40

**Present the cash flows from operating activities using the direct method.**

> **Answer:**
> Cash received from customers: \$800
> Less: Cash paid to suppliers: (\$500)
> Less: Cash paid for operating expenses: (\$120)
> Less: Cash paid for interest: (\$25)
> Less: Cash paid for income taxes: (\$40)
> Net cash provided by operating activities: \$115

### **Exam Warning**

> A frequent CFA exam error is confusing cash flows with accrual accounting figures. For example, simply using revenue or expense amounts from the income statement as cash received or paid is incorrect. Know exactly which adjustments are required under each method.

### **Revision Tip**

> The indirect method is the default unless the question clearly states "prepare the cash flow statement using the direct method." In practice, most exam items will use the indirect method.

## **Summary**

- Cash flows from operating activities can be presented using the direct or indirect method.
- The direct method lists gross cash inflows and outflows, while the indirect method reconciles net income to cash from operations.
- Both methods yield the same net total for cash flows from operations for a given period.
- The direct method facilitates clarity in evaluating operating cash generation but is less common in practice.
- The indirect method links the income statement to cash flows and is more practical for most companies (and more frequently seen on the exam).

## **Key Point Checklist**

_This article has covered the following key knowledge points:_

- Recognize the difference between the direct and indirect methods for calculating operating cash flows
- Prepare the operating section of the cash flow statement using either method when given appropriate data
- Understand why operating cash flows calculated under both methods must be equal
- Identify the implications of each method for liquidity analysis and exam questions
- Know the most common exam errors for this topic

## **Key Terms and Concepts**

- direct method
- indirect method

Financial statements - Cash flow statement direct vs indirect