## **Learning Outcomes**

This article explains how defined contribution (DC) pension plans for pension funds and insurers are structured and governed, with emphasis on default investment design and oversight. It characterizes core DC plan features, including contribution structures, investment menus, and the role of default funds for disengaged members. It outlines the investment objectives, risk-return trade-offs, and legal constraints that shape default option selection, and contrasts common default structures such as lifecycle/target-date, balanced, and risk-rated funds. It examines how auto-enrollment, default contribution rates, and automatic escalation interact with behavioral biases to influence participation, savings adequacy, and asset allocation. It discusses fiduciary duties, prudence and diversification requirements, disclosure expectations, and regulatory tests that apply when sponsors and insurers set and monitor DC defaults. It analyzes how governance practices—such as periodic performance review, fee assessment, and suitability checks across member cohorts—affect long-term retirement outcomes and sponsor liability. It provides a framework for evaluating whether a given DC plan and its default options are appropriately designed for typical CFA Level 3 exam scenarios.

## **CFA Level 3 Syllabus**

For the CFA Level 3 exam, you are expected to understand the characteristics, legal responsibilities, and implementation choices for DC plans, especially from the standpoint of pension funds and insurers, with a focus on the following syllabus points:

- Identify the main features of DC pension design, including investment menu structure and fiduciary obligations
- Explain how default investment options are selected and managed
- Discuss the rationale and implications for auto-enrollment and automatic escalation features
- Describe behavioral factors influencing DC plan design
- Assess regulatory and governance requirements impacting DC plans and insurers

## **Test Your Knowledge**

_Attempt these questions before reading this article. If you find some difficult or cannot remember the answers, remember to look more closely at that area during your revision._

1. What are the main rationales for including default investment options in DC pension plans?
2. Why might lifecycle or target-date funds often be chosen as DC plan defaults?
3. What fiduciary risks are associated with setting or failing to set a prudent default in a DC plan?
4. How do auto-enrollment and automatic contribution increases affect member outcomes in DC pensions?

## **Introduction**

Defined contribution (DC) pension plans, as offered by pension funds and insurance companies, place investment and longevity risk onto plan participants. DC plan outcomes depend critically on plan design, especially the structure of default options. Understanding the regulatory, behavioral, and fiduciary context for DC plan and default option design is essential for CFA Level 3 candidates.

> **Key Term: defined contribution (DC) plan**
> A pension arrangement where member benefits depend on contributions and investment performance; investment risk is borne by the participant.

## DC Plan Design: Key Features

### Investment Menu Structure

DC plans structure investment menus to balance simplicity for non-expert members with the flexibility required by more sophisticated participants. Plans typically offer:

- One or more default options for members who make no active selection
- A limited set of core investment funds, often including equities, bonds, and blended funds
- Optional access to additional funds for specific strategies (e.g., responsible investment, self-select brokerage)

Too many choices can erode decision quality, while too few can restrict suitability.

> **Key Term: default investment option**
> The investment fund or strategy into which participant assets are directed in the absence of an affirmative selection by the member.

### Defaults: Rationale and Types

Because most plan members do not choose their own investments, the choice of default has significant long-term consequences. Defaults must be selected in the best interests of plan members and reflect the membership profile.

Common DC plan defaults include:

- Lifecycle or target-date funds, which shift asset allocation toward lower risk as retirement approaches
- Balanced funds (static split between equities and bonds)
- Risk-rated managed funds (moderate or cautious mixes)

Target-date funds are especially prevalent, as they automate the de-risking process over time.

> **Key Term: lifecycle/target-date fund**
> A fund that automatically adjusts asset mix based on the participant's expected retirement date, reducing risk over time.

### Member Behavior and Plan Design

DC design incorporates principles from behavioral finance. Empirical evidence shows that inertia, status quo bias, and limited financial literacy lead many members to accept defaults.

Auto-enrollment—where employees are automatically enrolled unless they opt out—is widely adopted to increase participation. Default contribution rates and automatic escalation (periodic increase in savings rate) help members reach adequate retirement income if set at appropriate levels.

> **Key Term: auto-enrollment**
> A plan feature where new employees are automatically enrolled in the pension plan and must opt out if they do not wish to participate.
>
> **Key Term: automatic escalation**
> A feature that automatically increases member contribution rates over time, often in line with salary increases.

### Fiduciary Responsibilities and Regulation

Fiduciaries (trustees or plan sponsors) are required to act in the best interest of members, particularly when selecting defaults. Regulatory frameworks often mandate:

- Diversification and prudence in default fund selection
- Regular review of default performance
- Transparent communication with members about risk, performance, and fees

Failure to provide a reasonable default exposes the sponsor to legal risks and adverse member outcomes.

### **Worked Example 1.1**

**A large DC pension plan must choose a default fund. Most members are in their 30s or 40s, few engage with financial choices, and the scheme allows withdrawals at age 65. What factors should the trustees consider in selecting an appropriate default?**

> **Answer:**
> The trustees should consider the age and risk tolerance of members, the need for growth over time, and the importance of gradual de-risking as members approach retirement. Member inertia means the risk and asset allocation glidepath of the default must be appropriate for most members. A diversified, lifecycle or target-date fund with automatic reduction in equity exposure over time is likely suitable. The default must be well-diversified, have clear fee structures, comply with regulations, and be subject to ongoing review.

### **Revision Tip**

> Lifecycle funds or target-date defaults are preferred because they automate risk reduction as retirement nears, reducing the chance of adverse outcomes for disengaged members.

## Plan Defaults and Member Outcomes

Appropriately designed defaults can:

- Improve retirement savings adequacy
- Ensure diversification and appropriateness of risk level
- Minimize costs through scale benefits
- Reduce the likelihood of concentrated or unsuitable investments by defaulted members

However, poor default design can lead to overly risky or insufficiently growth-oriented investments, resulting in inadequate member outcomes.

### **Exam Warning**

> Plans that fail to implement a prudent default may expose trustees to fiduciary liability if members suffer undue losses due to inappropriate investment selection.

## Regulatory Context and Best Practice

Key elements of regulatory and professional best practice in DC plan defaults:

- Regular governance review of default performance, risk, and suitability
- Transparent disclosure of default characteristics and risks to members
- Clear processes for changing the default if member profile or investment environment shifts
- Monitoring fees and value for money
- Compliance with statutory and industry standards (e.g., the "prudence" test)

Default choice should balance risk and growth, automate de-risking, and minimize member complexity, with periodic review as the demographic profile or investment environment changes.

### **Worked Example 1.2**

**A DC plan in an insurance context is required by regulation to offer a diversified default and limit annual member fees. The lead insurer is concerned about managing risk for disengaged members. How should the insurer approach the design of the default option?**

> **Answer:**
> The insurer should select a default fund that offers broad diversification, clear and competitive fees, and embedded risk management (e.g., glidepath). Lifecycle or balanced target-date funds are typical solutions. The insurer must document the rationale for the default and monitor member outcomes and regulatory compliance, especially for disengaged or defaulted members.

## **Summary**

DC plan design is critical in shaping member outcomes for both pension funds and insurers. Prudent selection and ongoing governance of default investment options, auto-enrollment, and escalation features are necessary to protect disengaged members and fulfill regulatory and fiduciary obligations. Defaults should be appropriately diversified, lifecycle-oriented, and reviewed regularly for suitability.

## **Key Point Checklist**

_This article has covered the following key knowledge points:_

- DC plan design objectives, including member protection and simplicity
- Types and selection criteria for suitable default investment options
- Behavioral factors shaping DC plan defaults (inertia, status quo bias)
- Role of auto-enrollment and automatic escalation in improving savings
- Fiduciary and regulatory requirements for default selection and oversight
- Consequences of poor default design for member outcomes and sponsor liability

## **Key Terms and Concepts**

- defined contribution (DC) plan
- default investment option
- lifecycle/target-date fund
- auto-enrollment
- automatic escalation

Pension plans and insurers - DC plan design and default options