## Facts

- Alfred Christianson worked as a section man operating a railway hand car.
- A second hand car, operated by another railway crew, traveled on the same track behind Christianson’s car.
- The rear crew had consumed alcoholic drinks before working.
- After the cars met, the rear car signaled Christianson’s crew to move ahead; the rear car then followed at high speed and at a very short distance.
- Christianson’s car could not travel as fast as the rear car, and the rear car could not stop within a short distance.
- Christianson looked back, perceived the danger of collision, lost his balance, fell from the front car onto the track, and was run over by the rear car.
- Christianson suffered severe and permanent injuries and sued the railway for negligence based on its employees’ operation of the rear car.
- After a retrial, a jury found for Christianson; the railway appealed, arguing its negligence was not the proximate cause of the injury.

## Issues

1. Whether the rear crew’s negligent operation of the hand car could be found to be the proximate cause of Christianson’s injuries when he fell after looking back and losing his balance.
2. Whether Christianson’s reaction (turning, becoming frightened, and falling) constituted an intervening cause that broke the causal chain.

## Decision

- The Minnesota Supreme Court affirmed the judgment for Christianson.
- The court held the jury could find the rear car’s negligent speed and proximity to be the proximate cause of the injury.
- The court rejected the argument that Christianson’s fall was a superseding cause, treating it as a normal response to the danger created.
- The court treated proximate cause on these facts as a question properly left to the jury.

## Legal Principles

- Negligence is a proximate cause when it sets in motion forces that, in ordinary human experience, naturally and probably result in the type of harm suffered, even if the precise manner of injury is unusual.
- A plaintiff’s instinctive or frightened reaction to imminent danger created by the defendant’s negligence may be within the causal chain and does not necessarily constitute an intervening, superseding cause.
- Where reasonable inferences about foreseeability and human response to danger are disputed, proximate cause is ordinarily for the jury rather than resolved as a matter of law.

## Conclusion

The court upheld the verdict because the rear crew’s negligent pursuit created a foreseeable risk that someone on the leading car would react to perceived danger and fall, making the injury an ordinary and natural consequence of the railway’s negligence rather than the result of an independent intervening act.


Christianson v. Chi., St. P., Minneapolis & Omaha Ry. Co., 67 Minn. 94, 69 N.W. 640 (Minn. 1896)