## Facts

- CIA Security International SA, a Belgian company, manufactured and sold alarm systems.
- Signalson SA and Securitel SPRL, competing companies, marketed alarm systems approved under Belgian technical regulations.
- CIA Security contested the legality of the Belgian regulations, arguing they conflicted with Council Directive 83/189/EEC on technical standards.
- The contested Directive required Member States to notify the European Commission of draft technical regulations before adoption.
- Belgium failed to notify the Commission of its regulations as required by the Directive.
- The national Belgian court referred the case to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for a preliminary ruling.

## Issues

1. Whether national courts are required to disapply national provisions that conflict with an unnotified Directive.
2. Whether the principle of indirect effect permits individuals to rely on a Directive to preclude application of national law in disputes with other private parties.
3. What are the limits of the obligation to interpret national law in conformity with Directives.

## Decision

- The ECJ affirmed that national courts must disapply national provisions that conflict with a Directive where the Member State failed to notify the provisions as required.
- The Court clarified that while Directives generally lack horizontal direct effect, the principle of indirect effect allows individuals to rely on a Directive to prevent the application of conflicting national law in horizontal situations.
- It was held that national law must be interpreted as far as possible in light of the wording and purpose of the Directive but not contra legem (against its clear meaning).
- The ECJ emphasized that indirect effect could not be used to create or increase criminal liability.

## Legal Principles

- National courts have an obligation to interpret national law in conformity with EU Directives (indirect effect).
- If a Member State fails to comply with notification requirements under a Directive, conflicting national regulations must be disapplied.
- Indirect effect does not extend to situations requiring national law to be interpreted contra legem.
- The supremacy of EU law mandates that Directives take precedence over conflicting national legislation, even in horizontal disputes.

## Conclusion

The ECJ's judgment in CIA Security International SA v Signalson SA and Securitel SPRL established that national courts must disapply national regulations conflicting with non-notified Directives, affirming the principle of indirect effect. This decision reinforced the supremacy and effectiveness of EU law, clarified the boundaries of indirect effect, and continues to shape the interplay between national and EU legal systems.

CIA Security International SA v Signalson SA and Securitel SPRL (Case C-194/94) [1996] ECR I-2201