## Facts

- Leroy Franklin Cladd and his wife were physically separated for about six months, without a formal separation agreement or restraining order.
- The wife lived alone in her own apartment; Cladd had no ownership or possessory interest in it and had never lived there.
- Cladd forced entry by breaking through the locked door with a crowbar, struck his wife, and attempted to throw her over a second-floor stair railing.
- The next morning, Cladd attempted again to break into the apartment but fled when police arrived.
- Cladd conceded his wife did not consent to his entry but argued that, as her husband, he was legally “licensed or invited” to enter and therefore could not commit burglary.

## Issues

1. Whether a husband who is physically but not legally separated from his wife can be guilty of burglarizing premises possessed solely by the wife, in which he has no ownership or possessory interest, when he enters without her consent and with intent to commit an offense.

## Decision

- The Florida Supreme Court approved the Second District’s decision reversing dismissal of the charges.
- The Court held that, on these facts, Cladd could be guilty of burglary and attempted burglary of his estranged wife’s apartment.
- The Court rejected the view that marriage creates a categorical legal license to enter a spouse’s separate residence.

## Legal Principles

- Burglary protects possessory rights; “premises of another” may include property possessed solely by a spouse when the entering spouse lacks any ownership or possessory interest.
- A spouse’s consortium rights do not include a right to forcibly enter the other spouse’s separate residence with intent to commit an offense.
- Marital status alone does not supply consent or permission for burglary purposes when the other spouse solely possesses the premises and withholds consent.
- Modern criminal law treats spouses as separate legal actors for crimes against the other spouse’s separate property interests, supporting burglary liability in comparable circumstances.

## Conclusion

The court reinstated burglary and attempted burglary charges, ruling that a physically separated spouse may burglarize the other spouse’s separately possessed dwelling when the entering spouse has no possessory interest, lacks consent, and enters with criminal intent.


Cladd v. State, 398 So. 2d 442 (Fla. 1981)