## Facts

- Arthur Earl Clark worked as an insurance agent for Liberty National beginning in 1981 on a debit route in south Alabama and serviced policyholders whose identities he learned through the job.
- In 1985, Clark signed a new agent contract adding a covenant not to compete.
- The covenant barred Clark for one year after termination from soliciting, quoting rates for, or facilitating replacement or renewal coverage for Liberty National policies he sold or serviced, or learned about, while employed.
- Clark resigned on March 4, 1988, and became an agent for Prudential.
- Clark stipulated that during the restricted one-year period he violated the covenant by quoting rates and facilitating replacement coverage for Liberty National policyholders.
- Liberty National sought damages based on lost underwriting profits, lost investment income, and lost renewal commissions using a formula incorporating policy duration and probabilities of continued coverage absent replacement.
- The trial court reviewed the evidence, excluded certain policies outside the restricted period, found the covenant enforceable, and awarded $14,819.61 in damages.

## Issues

1. Whether the covenant not to compete was void under Ala. Code § 8-1-1 as an unlawful restraint of trade.
2. Whether the covenant was unenforceable because Clark signed the contract under duress.
3. Whether Liberty National’s evidence of damages was too speculative to support the award.

## Decision

- The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed the trial court’s judgment after an ore tenus bench trial.
- The covenant was valid and enforceable because it was ancillary to employment, limited to one year, and confined to Liberty National policyholders Clark served or learned about through his employment.
- Clark failed to prove duress; continued-employment pressure and unequal bargaining power, without wrongful coercion leaving no reasonable alternative, did not invalidate the agreement.
- The damages award of $14,819.61 was supported by the record; the trial court’s fact findings were not plainly and palpably wrong under the ore tenus standard.

## Legal Principles

- Under Ala. Code § 8-1-1, a post-employment restraint may be enforced when it is ancillary to employment, reasonably limited in time and scope, and protects a legitimate employer interest such as customer relationships and goodwill.
- A covenant focused on preventing a former agent from soliciting or replacing policies of customers he serviced or learned of through employment can be a reasonable restraint when it does not bar competition generally.
- Duress requires wrongful or oppressive conduct that leaves the signer with no reasonable alternative; the desire to keep a job, standing alone, is insufficient.
- Contract damages for breach of a noncompete may be proved through reasonable estimates tied to business records and accepted actuarial-type assumptions; exact precision is not required.
- In an ore tenus bench trial, appellate courts defer to the trial court’s factual determinations unless they are plainly and palpably wrong or unsupported by the evidence.

## Conclusion

The court enforced a narrowly tailored, one-year noncompetition covenant protecting an insurer’s customer goodwill, rejected an employee’s duress defense based on ordinary employment pressure, and upheld a damages award supported by reasonable, evidence-based estimates under deferential ore tenus review.


Clark v. Liberty Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 592 So. 2d 564 (Ala. 1992)