## Facts

- Ralph Cobbs, a 31-year-old patient, was hospitalized with a duodenal ulcer after worsening abdominal pain, nausea, and dizziness.
- After conservative treatment failed, Cobbs’ internist consulted Dr. Dudley F. P. Grant, a surgeon, who recommended a vagotomy and pyloroplasty.
- Cobbs consented to the surgery, but Dr. Grant did not disclose specific inherent risks and complications beyond general references to anesthesia.
- During or following surgery, Cobbs suffered serious complications, including a splenic injury requiring an emergency splenectomy for internal bleeding.
- Cobbs later developed a gastric ulcer, requiring further hospitalization and an additional surgery.
- Cobbs sued Dr. Grant on two theories: negligent performance of the surgery and failure to obtain informed consent by not warning of significant risks.
- The jury returned a general verdict for Cobbs against Dr. Grant, and judgment was entered.
- Dr. Grant appealed; the California Supreme Court granted review.

## Issues

1. Whether sufficient evidence supported the jury’s verdict that Dr. Grant negligently performed the surgery.
2. Whether the jury was properly instructed on a physician’s duty to obtain informed consent, including the applicable legal theory and disclosure standard.
3. Whether a general verdict could stand where one theory lacked evidentiary support and the other was submitted under legally defective instructions.

## Decision

- The court held there was insufficient evidence to support liability for negligent surgical performance.
- The court held the informed-consent instructions were legally inadequate because they were framed under an incorrect theory and did not reflect the proper disclosure standard.
- Because the jury returned a general verdict and the court could not determine which theory the jury relied on, the judgment against Dr. Grant was reversed.
- The case was remanded for a new trial with proper informed-consent instructions.

## Legal Principles

- When a patient consents to the general nature of the procedure performed, a claim based on inadequate disclosure of risks sounds in negligence, not battery.
- Battery is generally limited to circumstances involving no consent or performance of a substantially different procedure than the one authorized.
- A physician must disclose information material to a patient’s decision, measured by what a reasonable person in the patient’s position would consider significant, rather than solely by professional custom.
- Material information includes the nature of the procedure, significant risks (including serious risks even if infrequent), and feasible alternatives (including non-treatment) where relevant.
- Causation in an informed-consent claim is evaluated using an objective standard: whether a reasonable person in the patient’s position would have declined the procedure if adequately informed.

## Conclusion

The California Supreme Court reversed and remanded for a new trial because the evidence did not support negligent performance and the informed-consent instructions misstated the governing law; the court clarified that inadequate disclosure is a negligence theory governed by a patient-centered materiality standard with objective causation.


Cobbs v. Grant, 8 Cal. 3d 229 (Cal. 1972)