## Facts

- Paul Jackson purchased an apartment complex in Pensacola, Florida, intending to convert the apartments into condominiums and sell the units.
- In July 1978, Jackson sold Frank and Beverly Dollar a 30% interest in the complex for $450,000 and agreed to manage their interest, promising them an 11% annual return.
- Jackson retained counsel to prepare condominium conversion documents. The documents initially listed Jackson as the sole owner; correcting them would have been expensive.
- To avoid revising the conversion documents, Jackson negotiated to reacquire the Dollars’ 30% interest.
- On October 31, 1979, Jackson and the Dollars executed an agreement under which the Dollars assigned their 30% interest to Jackson, and Jackson agreed to acquire replacement property to exchange for that interest.
- The October 31 agreement required that, while Jackson searched for exchange property, 30% of the net proceeds from the sale of condominium units would be deposited into an escrow account for the Dollars’ benefit.
- The agreement also provided that if Jackson did not obtain suitable exchange property within a specified period (120 days), the Dollars could terminate and take the funds that should have been held in escrow.
- Jackson had retained Barry W. Coker, a licensed real-estate broker, to act as project manager for the condominium conversion, and Coker worked with Harold J. Vucovich, Jr.
- Jackson sent Coker a copy of the October 31 agreement with instructions to set up the escrow account described in the contract; Jackson did not tell the Dollars that he had delegated this task.
- Coker misunderstood the instructions and negligently failed to establish the escrow account, and the proceeds that were supposed to be segregated were not deposited for the Dollars’ protection.
- When the Dollars later learned that no escrow had been created and that they had been deprived of the protection the contract contemplated, they brought a federal diversity action against Coker and Vucovich.
- The district court entered judgment for the Dollars, finding Coker and Vucovich negligent in failing to establish the escrow. Coker and Vucovich appealed, and the Dollars cross-appealed.

## Issues

1. Under Florida law, did Coker and Vucovich, as real-estate brokers instructed to set up an escrow for the Dollars’ benefit, owe the Dollars a duty to exercise reasonable care even though the Dollars did not directly retain them?
2. Did the failure to establish the escrow account constitute negligence that proximately caused the Dollars’ loss?
3. Did the district court apply an appropriate measure of damages tied to the funds that should have been placed in escrow?

## Decision

- The Eleventh Circuit affirmed the district court’s finding that Coker and Vucovich were liable to the Dollars for negligence arising from the failure to establish the required escrow account.
- The court held that, once Coker and Vucovich undertook the task of creating an escrow contemplated by the Jackson–Dollar contract and intended to protect the Dollars, they owed the Dollars a duty to use reasonable care in carrying out that undertaking.
- The court agreed that Coker’s failure to set up the escrow account was a breach of that duty and that the resulting absence of escrowed funds foreseeably harmed the Dollars by depriving them of the contractual protection the escrow was meant to provide.
- The court upheld the district court’s causation and damages analysis in substance, treating the Dollars’ recoverable loss as tied to the proceeds that should have been deposited into escrow under the agreement (subject to any limited adjustments addressed in the appeal and cross-appeal).

## Legal Principles

- Under Florida law, an escrow arrangement designed to protect a specified beneficiary can impose duties on the person who undertakes to create or administer the escrow, including duties of reasonable care in handling the escrowed funds or in establishing the escrow mechanism.
- A defendant may owe a duty in negligence to an identifiable third-party beneficiary when the defendant undertakes a task intended to protect that beneficiary and harm from careless performance is foreseeable.
- A real-estate broker or agent who agrees (expressly or by conduct) to perform escrow functions must use ordinary skill and diligence consistent with that role.
- Negligent failure to create a contract-required escrow can satisfy breach when it deprives the beneficiary of the security the escrow was meant to provide.
- Proximate cause is shown when the absence of an escrow predictably results in the beneficiary’s inability to obtain funds that the contract required to be segregated and available upon a triggering event.
- Damages may be measured by the amount the beneficiary would have obtained had the escrow been properly established and funded in accordance with the contract.

## Conclusion

*Coker v. Dollar* holds that, under Florida negligence law, real-estate brokers who undertook to set up an escrow account required by a contract—and intended to protect identified investors—owed those investors a duty of reasonable care and were liable when their negligent failure to create the escrow foreseeably deprived the investors of the proceeds that should have been segregated for their protection.


Coker v. Dollar, 846 F.2d 1302 (1988)