## Facts

- David Almeida and two accomplices committed an armed robbery at an Acme Market in Philadelphia.
- As the robbers fled, police officers pursued and attempted to apprehend them.
- A gun battle occurred during the escape attempt.
- Off-duty patrolman Cecil Ingling was shot and killed while trying to stop the robbers.
- Evidence supported an inference that the fatal bullet was fired not by Almeida or a co-felon, but by another police officer shooting at the robbers.
- At trial, Almeida requested an instruction requiring the Commonwealth to prove a robber fired the fatal shot; the court refused and instructed that the shooter’s identity was immaterial if the death occurred during the robbery and related events.

## Issues

1. Whether a participant in an armed robbery may be convicted of first-degree murder under Pennsylvania’s felony-murder doctrine when the fatal shot is fired by a third party resisting the felony or attempting to prevent escape.
2. Whether the trial court erred by instructing the jury that it was immaterial who fired the fatal shot so long as the killing occurred during the felony and in the chain of events initiated by the robbers.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania affirmed Almeida’s first-degree murder conviction and death sentence.
- The court held that felony-murder liability may attach even if a resisting police officer fired the fatal shot, where the robbers’ conduct set in motion the events that foreseeably resulted in death.
- The court approved the jury instruction treating the identity of the shooter as immaterial if the killing occurred in the course of the robbery and its immediate violent incidents, including the escape and gun battle.

## Legal Principles

- Under Pennsylvania’s felony-murder doctrine as applied, a felon is liable for first-degree murder if a death occurs during the commission of an inherently dangerous felony (including immediate flight) and is a foreseeable result of the felon’s conduct.
- Proximate-cause felony murder permits liability where the fatal act is committed by a third party (including law enforcement) reacting to or resisting the felony, so long as the death is within the foreseeable chain of events initiated by the felons.
- A jury may be instructed that it is not necessary to prove a felon or co-felon fired the fatal shot when the killing occurred during the felony and arose from the continuous, dangerous transaction created by the felons’ actions.

## Conclusion

The court treated the robbery, escape, and ensuing gun battle as a continuous transaction and held that Almeida could be convicted of first-degree murder because the felons’ armed conduct foreseeably produced lethal violence, making the identity of the person who fired the fatal shot legally irrelevant under the governing felony-murder rule.


Commonwealth v. Almeida, 362 Pa. 596, 68 A.2d 595 (Pa. 1949)