## Facts

- Antonio Camerano owned property in Sterling, Massachusetts and rented a portion of his land to Robert Howell.
- Howell placed a house trailer on the rented area and built a very large garden enclosure.
- The enclosure had no windows and was padlocked.
- State police and a National Guard counterdrug-operations team spotted the enclosure during an overhead flight.
- Police obtained a warrant authorizing a search of Camerano’s house, his land, and the garden enclosure.
- In the enclosure, officers found marijuana plants and bagged marijuana.
- The search of Camerano’s home produced no drugs and no items associated with drug use or distribution.
- The Commonwealth prosecuted Camerano for conspiracy to possess marijuana with intent to distribute under G.L. c. 94C, § 40.
- A six-person jury in the Fitchburg Division of the Massachusetts District Court convicted Camerano.
- Camerano moved for a required finding of not guilty under Mass. R. Crim. P. 25(a); the trial judge denied the motion, and Camerano appealed.

## Issues

1. Whether the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Camerano agreed with Howell to possess marijuana with intent to distribute, such that the trial judge properly denied Camerano’s Rule 25(a) motion for a required finding of not guilty.

## Decision

- The Massachusetts Appeals Court reversed the conviction.
- The court ordered the entry of a required finding of not guilty.
- The court concluded the Commonwealth’s proof permitted, at most, an inference that Camerano knew of or tolerated Howell’s marijuana activity on the property, but did not permit a rational inference that Camerano joined an agreement to commit the charged offense.

## Legal Principles

- Conspiracy requires proof that the defendant entered into an agreement or combination with at least one other person to accomplish the unlawful objective.
- Evidence that a defendant may have known of another person’s criminal conduct, was near it, or failed to stop it is not enough, without proof of an agreement and intent to participate in the joint plan.
- On review of a denied Rule 25(a) motion, the court considers whether, taking the evidence and reasonable inferences in the Commonwealth’s favor, a rational factfinder could find each element beyond a reasonable doubt; a verdict may not rest on speculation about a missing element such as agreement.
- The absence of evidence connecting the defendant to the contraband or the operational details (e.g., no drugs or related items in the defendant’s home and no other evidence showing shared control or joint action) supports a finding of insufficient proof of conspiracy.

## Conclusion

The Appeals Court held that, although the Commonwealth’s evidence could suggest that Camerano was aware of or passively permitted Howell’s marijuana growing and storage on Camerano’s land, it did not show that Camerano agreed with Howell to possess marijuana with intent to distribute; because the agreement element was missing, the trial judge should have allowed the Rule 25(a) motion and a finding of not guilty was required.


Commonwealth v. Camerano, 677 N.E.2d 678 (1997)