## Facts

- Joseph Caracciola, not a police officer, encountered the victim on a Springfield street while wearing a gun.
- He ordered the victim to “get off the street,” later approached her again at a bus station, and told her, “I thought I told you to get lost.”
- He instructed the victim to get into his car; she complied, and he drove in a direction she believed was toward a police station.
- When the victim cried, he warned that if she did not stop he would “lock [her] up for more things than [he] was planning on.”
- He drove instead to a school parking lot, touched her legs, and stated he was a police officer.
- The victim testified he “made her” have sexual intercourse and that she complied out of fear he would arrest her, especially given her prior record.
- Caracciola moved to dismiss the rape indictment, arguing the grand jury evidence showed deception (false claim of police status) rather than “force or threat of force.”
- The motion judge did not rule on the dismissal motion and instead reported the grand jury sufficiency question for interlocutory review.

## Issues

1. Whether it was proper to report an interlocutory question on the sufficiency of grand jury evidence without first ruling on the motion to dismiss.
2. Whether the grand jury evidence, viewed favorably to the Commonwealth, was sufficient to establish the “force or threat of force” element of rape through constructive force, rather than fraud alone.

## Decision

- The court held the interlocutory report was improper; the motion judge should have ruled on the motion to dismiss.
- The court nonetheless reached the merits for reasons of judicial economy.
- The court held the grand jury evidence was sufficient to support the rape indictment.
- The court concluded the evidence permitted an inference of constructive force based on the defendant’s commands, display of a gun, isolation of the victim, and threats to “lock [her] up.”
- The case was remanded for further proceedings; dismissal of the indictment was not warranted.

## Legal Principles

- An indictment may be dismissed only if the evidence presented to the grand jury, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, would not warrant a finding that the defendant committed the charged offense.
- For rape under Massachusetts law, “force” includes constructive force: threats or coercive circumstances that reasonably overcome the victim’s will, not only physical compulsion.
- Fraud alone (deception without coercion) does not satisfy the force element of rape, but deception combined with threats, apparent authority, and coercive restraint can constitute constructive force.
- A trial judge generally should decide a motion to dismiss rather than report the question; appellate review remains available after conviction.

## Conclusion

The court held that the grand jury heard sufficient evidence of constructive force—stemming from the defendant’s apparent authority, weapon display, commands, and threats of arrest—to support a rape indictment, and it rejected dismissal premised on the theory that the case involved deception alone.


Commonwealth v. Caracciola, 409 Mass. 648, 569 N.E.2d 774 (Mass. 1991)