## Facts

- Amaury Gautreaux, a citizen of the Dominican Republic living in Massachusetts, was born in 1980 and moved to the United States at age fourteen.
- Spanish was his primary language, and he was not fluent in English.
- In August 2003, in the Lawrence District Court, Gautreaux pleaded guilty to reduced charges arising from three separate arrests.
- Under the plea agreement, he received an eleven-month house-of-correction sentence, suspended for eighteen months, and he was placed on probation.
- About five years later, after a May 2008 arrest, the United States Department of Homeland Security issued a deportation order in July 2008 relying in part on the 2003 convictions.
- In February 2009, Gautreaux filed a postconviction motion under Massachusetts Rule of Criminal Procedure 30(b) seeking to vacate his guilty pleas and obtain a new trial.
- He argued that authorities violated Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations by failing to inform him of his right to have the Dominican consulate notified of his arrests.
- He also claimed he needed, but was not provided, a Spanish interpreter at the plea hearing and therefore did not understand the immigration-consequences warning required by G.L. c. 278, § 29D.
- The audio recording of the 2003 plea hearing no longer existed because it had been destroyed in the ordinary course.
- The same judge who took the 2003 pleas denied the Rule 30(b) motion, finding Gautreaux failed to meet his burden of proof.
- Gautreaux appealed, and the Supreme Judicial Court transferred the case on its own motion.

## Issues

1. Whether Article 36 of the Vienna Convention creates rights enforceable by an individual defendant in state criminal proceedings and, if so, what remedy (if any) is available for a violation on collateral review.
2. Whether the motion judge acted properly in rejecting Gautreaux’s claim that he needed, but was not provided, an interpreter at the guilty-plea hearing.

## Decision

- The Supreme Judicial Court affirmed the order denying postconviction relief.
- On the Vienna Convention claim, the court assumed (without deciding) that Article 36 could create rights enforceable by an individual, but held that relief from a conviction or guilty plea requires a showing of actual prejudice.
- Gautreaux did not establish prejudice because he offered no evidence of what specific help the Dominican consulate would have provided or how timely notification likely would have changed his decision to plead guilty or the result of the case.
- On the interpreter claim, the court held the judge did not abuse his discretion in concluding Gautreaux failed to prove that no interpreter was provided, particularly given the missing recording and the judge’s stated courtroom practice of providing an interpreter when needed.

## Legal Principles

- Even assuming Article 36 of the Vienna Convention may be invoked by an individual defendant, a violation does not justify vacating a guilty plea in postconviction proceedings without case-specific proof that the violation affected the outcome.
- A defendant seeking relief under Mass. R. Crim. P. 30(b) bears the burden of establishing facts that warrant relief and must overcome the presumption of regularity in plea proceedings.
- Assertions that consular involvement might have improved advice, negotiations, or results are insufficient without evidence showing a likely outcome effect.
- When a plea-hearing recording is unavailable, a motion judge may resolve disputed facts using credible evidence beyond a transcript, including the judge’s recollection and established courtroom practices.
- Appellate review of the denial of a Rule 30(b) motion is for abuse of discretion or significant error of law, with deference to the motion judge’s factual findings, especially when that judge also took the original plea.

## Conclusion

The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts affirmed the denial of Gautreaux’s motion to vacate his guilty pleas because, even assuming Article 36 of the Vienna Convention could be enforced by an individual defendant, he failed to show that the lack of consular notification caused actual prejudice, and he also failed to carry his burden of proving that an interpreter was not provided at the plea hearing.


Commonwealth v. Gautreaux, 941 N.E.2d 616 (2011)