## Facts

- Joseph T. Hutchins, diagnosed with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), was charged with marijuana- and THC-related offenses, later reduced to simple possession or cultivation of marijuana and THC.
- Hutchins asserted that marijuana use alleviated severe symptoms he attributed to his disease, including nausea, appetite loss, swallowing difficulty, spasticity, hypertension, anxiety, fatigue, and joint pain.
- He told physicians he used marijuana for symptom relief; two doctors reportedly agreed it appeared to relieve symptoms but did not claim it treated the disease.
- Hutchins attempted unsuccessfully to obtain a lawful marijuana prescription or authorization to participate in medical marijuana research.
- Before trial, Hutchins moved to dismiss, seeking an advance ruling that he could assert a common-law “medical necessity” defense; he provided affidavits, medical records excerpts, and medical/scientific literature in support.
- The trial judge denied the motion and ruled Hutchins could not introduce evidence of medical necessity; Hutchins was convicted after a bench trial on the reduced charges.

## Issues

1. Whether Hutchins’s offer of proof, if credited, was sufficient to raise the common-law defense of necessity (medical necessity) to charges of marijuana and THC possession or cultivation.
2. Whether the trial judge properly precluded Hutchins from presenting a medical-necessity defense by denying the motion to dismiss and excluding related evidence.

## Decision

- The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts affirmed the convictions.
- Accepting the proffer as true, the court held Hutchins failed to satisfy the elements of the necessity defense.
- The court concluded the symptomatic relief described did not clearly and significantly outweigh the harms addressed by controlled-substance laws and the public interest in drug regulation.
- The court upheld the trial judge’s denial of the motion to dismiss and the pretrial ruling barring medical-necessity evidence.

## Legal Principles

- The common-law necessity defense applies only in exceptional circumstances where the harm avoided by violating the law substantially outweighs the harm caused by the violation.
- Necessity generally requires: (1) imminent or grave harm from compliance with the law, (2) a reasonable expectation the unlawful act will abate that harm, (3) no lawful and effective alternative, and (4) no indication the legislature has foreclosed the defense in the relevant context.
- Courts may consider the legislature’s controlled-substance classifications and the government’s interest in a comprehensive drug regulatory scheme when assessing the competing-harms element.
- Symptomatic improvement from using a prohibited drug, without a showing meeting the competing-harms and alternatives requirements, is insufficient to establish necessity.

## Conclusion

The court held that a defendant with a serious illness could not invoke medical necessity to justify marijuana or THC possession or cultivation on the proffered facts, and it affirmed the convictions because the offer of proof did not meet the stringent requirements of the common-law necessity defense.


Commonwealth v. Hutchins, 410 Mass. 726 (1991)