## Facts

- Thomas McNeil and Wallace Tabron rented a U-Haul truck to help McNeil’s aunt move and later drove to return the truck in North Philadelphia.
- Near 32nd and York Streets, McNeil pulled into a parking lot and got out to speak with two young men who were nearby.
- Tabron stayed in the truck and then saw in the side mirror that McNeil was on the ground while a man wearing an orange/rust-colored hoodie was going through McNeil’s pockets.
- Tabron got out, found a crowbar on the ground, and waved it at the men to scare them off.
- The men did not flee until a police car approached and began chasing them.
- McNeil was taken to the hospital and treated for a subdural hematoma caused by blunt head trauma.
- McNeil was later transferred to a nursing home with severe neurological impairment and could not sit, move, speak, or care for himself.
- About four months after the assault, McNeil’s heart stopped beating.
- At trial, a police officer testified he saw a man in an orange hoodie strike McNeil in the head with a crowbar and identified Eric L.L. Leaner as the assailant.
- A medical examiner testified that the cause of death was complications of blunt head trauma and the manner of death was homicide; the examiner also stated that, despite preexisting conditions, McNeil was in functional health and able to care for himself before the assault.
- A jury convicted Leaner of second-degree murder (felony-murder), robbery, and possession of an instrument of crime; after post-conviction proceedings, his direct-appeal rights were reinstated nunc pro tunc and he appealed.

## Issues

1. Whether the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence that Leaner’s actions were a legal cause of McNeil’s death, even though McNeil died about four months after the assault and had preexisting medical conditions.
2. Whether the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence that Leaner committed robbery (as the predicate felony) supporting second-degree murder.
3. Whether admitting autopsy-related cause-of-death testimony from a medical examiner who did not perform the autopsy violated the Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause.
4. Whether the trial court erred in rejecting Leaner’s other claims, including a Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 600 speedy-trial claim and sentencing/merger challenges related to the robbery conviction.

## Decision

- The Superior Court of Pennsylvania affirmed the judgment of sentence.
- The court held the evidence was sufficient to prove felony-murder, including that Leaner was engaged in a robbery when McNeil was assaulted.
- The court held the evidence was sufficient on causation because the assault was a direct and substantial factor in McNeil’s death, and the time between injury and death and McNeil’s medical history did not break the causal chain.
- The court held there was no Confrontation Clause violation where the testifying medical examiner offered an independent opinion after reviewing materials typically relied on in the field, rather than acting only as a mouthpiece for an absent pathologist.
- The court rejected Leaner’s Rule 600 claim and other appellate claims, including sentencing arguments that the robbery sentence should merge with the second-degree murder sentence.

## Legal Principles

- For criminal homicide, the Commonwealth need not prove the defendant’s act was the only cause of death; it is enough that the act was a direct and substantial factor in bringing about death.
- A victim’s preexisting conditions do not relieve a defendant of liability if the defendant’s conduct materially contributed to the death.
- Second-degree murder (felony-murder) applies when a killing occurs while the defendant is engaged as a principal or accomplice in the perpetration of an enumerated felony, including robbery.
- Under Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 600, the mechanical run date may be adjusted for excludable time and allowable delay; a violation is assessed using the adjusted run date and the Commonwealth’s due diligence.
- Confrontation rights are not violated when a testifying expert gives an independent opinion based on review of records and data reasonably relied on by professionals, and the defendant has the chance to cross-examine that expert.
- Sentencing merger depends on statutory elements and whether convictions arise from a single criminal act; separate robbery conduct can support a separate sentence from felony-murder.

## Conclusion

The Superior Court affirmed Leaner’s convictions and sentence for second-degree murder, robbery, and possession of an instrument of crime, holding that the Commonwealth sufficiently proved robbery and causation despite the months-long gap between the assault and death, that the medical examiner’s testimony did not violate the Confrontation Clause, and that Leaner’s Rule 600 and sentencing/merger claims did not warrant relief.


Commonwealth v. Leaner, 202 A.3d 749 (2019)