## Facts

- Michael Serge, a former police lieutenant, was charged with first-degree murder for the shooting death of his wife, Jennifer Serge, in their home on January 15, 2001.
- Serge asserted self-defense, claiming his wife attacked him with a knife, and alternatively argued extreme intoxication negated specific intent.
- The Commonwealth sought to use a computer-generated animation (CGA) to illustrate its theory of the shooting based on forensic and physical evidence.
- The CGA depicted positions and movements in the living room, bullet trajectories and impact sites, and a sequence suggesting Serge shot his wife first in the lower back and then through the heart while she was kneeling.
- The prosecution theory included that Serge staged the scene to resemble self-defense, including altering the body’s position and placing a knife near the victim.
- After a pretrial evidentiary hearing, the trial court granted a motion in limine permitting the CGA as demonstrative evidence, conditioning admission on authentication as a fair and accurate depiction of expert reconstructive testimony and excluding inflammatory features.
- At trial, the CGA was used to illustrate testimony from the Commonwealth’s forensic pathologist and crime-scene reconstructionist; the court repeatedly instructed the jury that the animation was demonstrative only.
- The jury convicted Serge of first-degree murder, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment; the Superior Court affirmed.

## Issues

1. Whether a computer-generated animation illustrating the Commonwealth’s theory of a homicide is admissible as demonstrative evidence under Pennsylvania evidence rules.
2. Whether the CGA was properly authenticated as a fair and accurate depiction of expert testimony and supporting forensic and physical evidence.
3. Whether the CGA’s probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania affirmed the judgment of sentence.
- The Court held that computer-generated animations are not subject to a special admissibility regime and are evaluated under traditional rules governing demonstrative evidence.
- The Court concluded the CGA was properly admitted because it was authenticated through expert testimony, was relevant to help the jury understand complex forensic evidence, and its explanatory value was not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice given the safeguards used.

## Legal Principles

- Computer-generated animations offered as demonstrative aids are assessed under ordinary evidentiary rules, including relevance (Pa. R. Evid. 401–402), unfair-prejudice balancing (Pa. R. Evid. 403), and authentication (Pa. R. Evid. 901).
- Demonstrative evidence must be shown to be a fair and accurate representation of what it is offered to illustrate; for CGAs, a proper foundation may be established by linking the animation to qualified expert opinions and the measurements or data supporting those opinions.
- Trial courts may reduce prejudice by requiring pretrial disclosure, excluding inflammatory or speculative features, limiting the animation’s use to illustrating testimony, and giving clear instructions that the animation is not an actual reenactment and is not substantive proof.

## Conclusion

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court upheld admission of a computer-generated animation used to illustrate expert reconstruction testimony, holding that such technology is admissible as demonstrative evidence when authenticated as a fair and accurate depiction, relevant to assist the jury, and not unfairly prejudicial in light of appropriate safeguards and limiting instructions.


Commonwealth v. Serge, 586 Pa. 671, 896 A.2d 1170 (Pa. 2006)