## Facts

- Mr. and Mrs. Tluchak owned a farm and signed a written agreement to sell it to another couple.
- The written agreement covered the real estate and included “all buildings, plumbing, heating, lighting fixtures, screens, storm sash, shades, blinds, awnings, shrubbery and plants,” but it did not expressly include separate items of personal property.
- The purchasers claimed the Tluchaks also made an oral agreement to sell additional articles on the premises that were not covered by the writing.
- When the purchasers later took possession of the farm, they found several items missing, including: a commode still in its shipping crate on the back porch; an unattached washstand that had been stored in a bedroom; a hay carriage used in the barn; an electric stove cord running from the cellar switch box to the kitchen; and about 30 to 35 peach trees.
- The Tluchaks denied any oral agreement to sell personal property and maintained the disputed items were theirs to remove while they still occupied the farm.
- The Tluchaks denied taking the peach trees, admitted taking the hay carriage, and claimed they acted under a claim of right rather than with felonious intent.
- The Commonwealth charged both defendants with common-law larceny based on the alleged post-sale removal of the items.
- A jury found both defendants guilty. Mr. Tluchak was sentenced to pay a $50 fine and make restitution; Mrs. Tluchak received a suspended sentence.
- After the trial court denied post-trial motions, the defendants filed separate appeals to the Superior Court of Pennsylvania.

## Issues

1. Can a seller who remains in lawful possession of items allegedly sold to a buyer commit common-law larceny by removing or withholding those items before the buyer takes possession?
2. If title to the items arguably passed to the buyers, is that enough to satisfy larceny’s “taking” element where the defendants’ possession began and remained lawful?

## Decision

- The Superior Court of Pennsylvania reversed the judgments of sentence and discharged both defendants.
- Assuming for purposes of analysis that the disputed items had been sold to the purchasers, the court held the evidence still did not establish larceny because larceny requires a trespass against another’s possessory rights.
- Because the Tluchaks retained lawful possession when the items were removed or not delivered, there was no trespassory taking from the purchasers’ possession.
- The court noted that, if the defendants’ conduct was criminal, it fit other theft-type offenses (such as fraudulent conversion or “larceny by bailee”), but those were not the charges submitted to the jury.

## Legal Principles

- Common-law larceny is a crime against possession, requiring a trespassory taking and carrying away of property from another’s possession.
- A person who has lawful possession of property cannot commit common-law larceny by later converting it to personal use, because the trespass element is missing.
- Ownership (title) and possession are distinct; even if title passes to a buyer, a seller’s continued lawful possession does not become a trespass for larceny purposes merely because the seller fails to deliver.
- A vendor who retains possession of goods after a sale may be treated as a constructive bailee; wrongful retention or disposal may support charges such as fraudulent conversion or larceny by bailee rather than common-law larceny.
- When the Commonwealth charges only larceny, a conviction cannot stand on proof that shows, at most, a non-trespassory conversion.

## Conclusion

In *Commonwealth v. Tluchak*, the Superior Court reversed the Tluchaks’ larceny convictions because the Commonwealth’s proof, even if it showed the buyers had purchased the disputed items, did not show a trespassory taking from the buyers’ possession: the sellers still held lawful possession when the items were removed or not delivered, which defeats common-law larceny and leaves any possible criminal liability to other, uncharged theft offenses.


Commonwealth v. Tluchak, 70 A.2d 657 (1950)