## Facts

- Homebuyers purchased single-family homes in the Weathersfield tract in Ventura County, California.
- The homes later sustained serious structural damage (cracking) attributed to foundations unsuitable for expansive adobe soil.
- Evidence supported that the developer-builder, Conejo Valley Development Company, negligently constructed the homes without adequate regard to soil conditions.
- Great Western Savings and Loan Association financed the project’s construction and provided long-term financing to many purchasers.
- Great Western’s involvement extended beyond supplying funds: it required detailed plans and specifications, retained approval rights, and conducted inspections tied to construction progress and loan disbursements.
- Plaintiffs alleged Great Western neither investigated soil conditions nor acted reasonably to prevent major structural defects despite its asserted control and project involvement.
- Plaintiffs pursued (1) vicarious liability based on a joint venture between Great Western and Conejo and (2) direct negligence based on an independent duty of care to purchasers.

## Issues

1. Whether a construction lender that actively participates in and exercises control over a residential development owes a duty of reasonable care to foreseeable home purchasers for construction defects despite lack of privity.
2. Whether the evidence could support finding a joint venture between the lender and developer, making the lender vicariously liable for the developer’s negligent construction.
3. Whether granting a nonsuit for the lender was proper after plaintiffs presented their evidence.

## Decision

- The California Supreme Court reversed the judgment of nonsuit in favor of Great Western.
- The evidence was sufficient to submit to the trier of fact whether Great Western owed and breached a duty of care to the homebuyers based on its active participation and control.
- The evidence was also sufficient to allow the joint-venture theory to go to the trier of fact; nonsuit was improper on that theory as well.
- The matter was remanded for further proceedings.

## Legal Principles

- A lender is not automatically insulated from tort liability to third parties; when it goes beyond the role of a passive financier and substantially participates in and controls aspects of development, it may owe a duty of reasonable care to foreseeable purchasers.
- Lack of contractual privity does not bar negligence liability where the defendant’s conduct was intended to affect the plaintiffs, harm was foreseeable, injury is certain, and policy supports imposing a duty.
- Duty analysis may consider factors such as intended effect on plaintiffs, foreseeability, certainty of injury, closeness of connection between conduct and harm, blameworthiness, and preventing future harm.
- Whether a lender and developer formed a joint venture may be a fact question where evidence suggests a community of interest and a right of control in a profit-motivated undertaking.

## Conclusion

The court held that a construction lender’s extensive control and participation in a housing development can create a negligence duty to homebuyers for foreseeable structural defects, and that both negligence and joint-venture theories should have been submitted to the trier of fact rather than resolved by nonsuit.


Connor v. Great W. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 69 Cal. 2d 850, 447 P.2d 609 (Cal. 1968)