## Facts

- Michael Costanza sued Jerry Seinfeld, Larry David, NBC, and related production entities, seeking $100 million.
- Costanza alleged the television character “George Costanza” was based on him and that defendants used his name and likeness without consent while portraying him negatively and humiliatingly.
- Costanza claimed similarities including physical traits, a college acquaintance with Seinfeld, and a Queens background.
- Costanza asserted claims for (1) violation of New York Civil Rights Law §§ 50–51, (2) “false light” publicity, (3) invasion of privacy, and (4) defamation.
- The defamation claim relied on a statement attributed to David (through a spokesman) describing Costanza as a “flagrant opportunist” with only a “tenuous connection” to Seinfeld.
- Defendants moved pre-answer to dismiss and sought sanctions for frivolous litigation.

## Issues

1. Whether New York recognizes common-law “false light” or a general common-law invasion of privacy.
2. Whether depicting a fictional character in an entertainment program constitutes use of a plaintiff’s name or likeness for “advertising purposes” or “purposes of trade” under New York Civil Rights Law §§ 50–51.
3. Whether describing a plaintiff as a “flagrant opportunist” with a “tenuous connection” is actionable defamation or protected opinion.
4. Whether the claims were time-barred and whether the action was frivolous warranting sanctions.

## Decision

- The court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint in its entirety.
- The court dismissed the “false light” and common-law privacy claims because New York does not recognize those torts.
- The court dismissed the Civil Rights Law §§ 50–51 claim because the alleged use arose from a fictional television program, not statutory “advertising” or “trade” use, and the claim was also time-barred.
- The court dismissed the defamation claim because the challenged statements were non-actionable opinion in context.
- The court imposed sanctions against Costanza and his counsel for pursuing a frivolous lawsuit.

## Legal Principles

- New York does not recognize a common-law cause of action for invasion of privacy or “false light”; privacy-related relief is limited to statutory claims where available.
- New York Civil Rights Law §§ 50–51 prohibit nonconsensual use of a living person’s “name, portrait or picture” for “advertising purposes” or “purposes of trade,” but expressive works such as fictional entertainment generally do not fall within those categories.
- Under New York defamation law, rhetorical, value-laden characterizations not susceptible of objective proof, particularly when made in a context signaling commentary, are treated as protected opinion rather than actionable fact.
- Sanctions may be imposed where claims lack a genuine basis in law or fact and present no good-faith argument for changing existing law.

## Conclusion

The court held that New York provides no common-law “false light” or privacy tort, that a fictional television portrayal is not an actionable “advertising” or “trade” use under Civil Rights Law §§ 50–51, and that the challenged “opportunist” remark was protected opinion; it dismissed all claims and sanctioned plaintiff and counsel for bringing a frivolous action.


Costanza v. Seinfeld, 181 Misc. 2d 562, 693 N.Y.S.2d 897 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1999)