## Facts

- CTS Corporation, an Indiana corporation, became the target of a hostile acquisition effort by Dynamics Corporation of America, which already held about 9.6% of CTS shares and sought to increase its stake above statutory control thresholds.
- Indiana’s Control Share Acquisitions Act applied to certain Indiana-chartered corporations that elected coverage and defined “control shares” by voting-power thresholds (e.g., above 20%, 33⅓%, and 50%).
- Under the Act, shares acquired that would confer “control” voting power carried no voting rights unless approved by a majority of disinterested, pre-existing shareholders at the next regular meeting; the acquirer could require a meeting within 50 days by following statutory procedures.
- Dynamics announced a tender offer that would cross a control-share threshold; CTS’s board opted CTS into the Indiana Act.
- Dynamics challenged the Act as (1) preempted by the federal Williams Act tender-offer framework and (2) invalid under the Commerce Clause and internal-affairs limitations.

## Issues

1. Whether the Williams Act preempts Indiana’s Control Share Acquisitions Act because the state law conflicts with Congress’s intended neutral, investor-protective tender-offer scheme.
2. Whether the Indiana Act violates the Commerce Clause by discriminating against or unduly burdening interstate commerce in the market for corporate control, including by exceeding permissible regulation of internal corporate affairs.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court reversed the Seventh Circuit and upheld the Indiana Control Share Acquisitions Act.
- The Court held the Act was not preempted by the Williams Act because it was consistent with federal purposes and did not obstruct federal objectives.
- The Court held the Act did not violate the Commerce Clause because it did not discriminate against interstate commerce and any incidental burden was justified by Indiana’s interest in regulating voting rights of corporations it charters.

## Legal Principles

- Federal preemption requires a showing that state law conflicts with federal law or stands as an obstacle to Congress’s objectives; minimum federal tender-offer standards do not, without more, foreclose state corporate-law rules addressing the consequences of share ownership.
- The Williams Act’s central aim is investor protection and neutrality between incumbent management and takeover bidders; state rules may coexist where they protect shareholders without giving either side a procedural advantage in the tender-offer process.
- A state law regulating corporate voting rights of domestic corporations—rather than directly regulating the making, timing, or approval of tender offers—fits within traditional state authority over corporate internal affairs.
- Under Commerce Clause review, a nondiscriminatory state corporate law is generally valid where any incidental burden on interstate commerce is not clearly excessive relative to legitimate local interests, including shareholder protection and governance of state-created entities.

## Conclusion

The Court sustained Indiana’s control-share voting regime, concluding it permissibly regulated voting rights in Indiana corporations without conflicting with the Williams Act’s investor-protective, neutral framework and without imposing a constitutionally undue burden on interstate commerce.


CTS Corp. v. Dynamics Corp. of Am., 481 U.S. 69 (1987)