## Facts

- Dulcinea N. Cuellar worked as a cashier for Walgreens Co.
- Walgreens cashiers commonly processed certain “two for” promotions by ringing the first item at the listed price and the second item at one cent.
- In late April 1999, Cuellar purchased items at Walgreens while another cashier rang up the transaction; the price entered for photographs was one cent.
- On June 2, 1999, at management’s request, Walgreens loss-prevention specialist Jim Lindsey investigated the one-cent transaction as possible employee theft.
- Lindsey escorted Cuellar to the store’s “tape room” in the back of the store and interviewed her for more than an hour (about an hour and fifteen minutes).
- Cuellar claimed Lindsey told her she would be charged with theft and taken away by police in handcuffs unless she confessed.
- Cuellar alleged she was not clearly told the details of the allegation and was not given a fair chance to explain.
- Lindsey accused Cuellar of “grazing” (taking and consuming store merchandise without paying); Cuellar admitted eating two candy bars without paying.
- Cuellar denied stealing other merchandise, but stated she became very upset and signed a written statement confessing to “passing” $350 in store merchandise plus $4 for the candy bars.
- Walgreens terminated Cuellar after the interview.
- Cuellar sued Walgreens and Lindsey for false imprisonment, negligence, defamation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED).
- The trial court granted a take-nothing traditional summary judgment for Walgreens and Lindsey on all claims, and Cuellar appealed.

## Issues

1. Did the summary-judgment record raise a genuine fact issue that Walgreens and Lindsey falsely imprisoned Cuellar by willfully detaining her without consent and without legal authority during the tape-room interview?
2. Did Cuellar raise a fact issue that the defendants’ conduct during the investigation and termination was extreme and outrageous enough to support IIED?
3. Did Cuellar raise a fact issue on defamation based on theft accusations made during the investigation, including whether any statement was published outside a qualified privilege or with malice?
4. Did Cuellar raise a fact issue that Walgreens and Lindsey were negligent in how they investigated the suspected theft?

## Decision

- The court of appeals affirmed the take-nothing summary judgment for Walgreens and Lindsey.
- On false imprisonment, Cuellar did not raise a fact issue that she was willfully detained without consent and without authority of law; the record showed no physical restraint, no blocking of exits, and no request by Cuellar to leave.
- On IIED, the complained-of conduct—questioning an employee about suspected theft, discussing possible police involvement, seeking a written statement, and then firing the employee—did not meet Texas’s high threshold for extreme and outrageous conduct as a matter of law.
- On defamation, the alleged theft accusations were not actionable on this record because they were made within the scope of an internal investigation and were protected by a qualified privilege that Cuellar did not defeat with evidence raising a fact issue (including on malice or improper publication).
- On negligence, Cuellar did not raise a fact issue that Walgreens and Lindsey breached a legally recognized duty or used unreasonable methods outside the employer’s privilege to investigate reasonably credible allegations of employee dishonesty.

## Legal Principles

- False imprisonment requires proof of: (1) a willful detention, (2) without consent, and (3) without authority of law.
- Detention can be shown by force or by threats, but the threat must be of a kind that would create a reasonable fear and actually restrain the person’s freedom of movement.
- Threats to call police, by themselves, generally do not establish unlawful detention where the person remains free to leave and does not attempt to do so.
- Employers have a common-law privilege to investigate reasonably credible allegations of employee theft or dishonesty; reasonable investigatory conduct weighs against liability for detention-based and related tort claims.
- IIED in Texas requires conduct that is so extreme and outrageous that it goes beyond all possible bounds of decency, plus severe emotional distress; workplace investigations and accusations of theft usually do not satisfy this standard without additional aggravating facts.
- Defamation requires a false statement published to a third person; internal communications made in good faith on a matter of common business interest (such as an employee-theft investigation) are generally covered by a qualified privilege that the plaintiff must overcome with proof raising a fact issue (including on malice).
- Negligence requires duty, breach, and proximate cause; a theft investigation carried out within the employer’s investigatory privilege, without evidence of unreasonable conduct that violates an independent duty, will not support negligence liability.

## Conclusion

Cuellar v. Walgreens Co. upheld summary judgment for Walgreens and its loss-prevention specialist because the record did not show that Cuellar was restrained in a way that amounted to false imprisonment, and her related claims for IIED, defamation, and negligence failed for the same core reasons: the investigation fell within an employer’s protected right to inquire into suspected employee theft, and Cuellar did not raise material fact disputes needed to reach a jury.


Cuellar v. Walgreens Co., 2002 WL 471317 (2002)