## Facts

- Dallah Real Estate and Tourism Holding Company proposed a project to house Pakistani Hajj pilgrims in Saudi Arabia, initially documented in a 1995 memorandum with the Government of Pakistan.
- Pakistan later created a statutory entity, the Awami Hajj Trust, to implement the project and shifted the contracting structure away from the Government.
- A 10 September 1996 agreement was executed between Dallah and the Trust only; the Government was not named as a party, and the agreement contained an ICC arbitration clause with a Paris seat.
- The Trust’s enabling ordinance lapsed in December 1996, and the Trust ceased to exist; in January 1997, the Ministry of Religious Affairs sent Dallah a termination letter on ministry letterhead.
- Dallah commenced ICC arbitration in Paris against the Government alone, asserting the Government was a “true party” bound by the arbitration clause despite not signing.
- The tribunal issued partial awards upholding jurisdiction and liability and, in a final award, ordered the Government to pay about US$20.6 million.
- Dallah sought recognition and enforcement in England under the Arbitration Act 1996 (New York Convention framework); the Government resisted, denying any arbitration agreement with Dallah.
- The High Court and Court of Appeal refused enforcement after a full inquiry under French law (law of the seat); the Supreme Court heard Dallah’s further appeal.

## Issues

1. When enforcement is resisted for invalidity/non-existence of the arbitration agreement under Arbitration Act 1996 § 103(2)(b) (New York Convention art. V(1)(a)), must the enforcing court decide the issue itself or defer to the tribunal’s jurisdiction ruling?
2. Under French law, did the facts show a common intention sufficient to bind the Government of Pakistan as a party to the arbitration agreement?
3. If no valid arbitration agreement existed, did the court retain discretion to enforce the award nonetheless?

## Decision

- The Supreme Court dismissed Dallah’s appeal and refused recognition and enforcement of the award in England.
- The enforcing court must make an independent determination of whether a valid arbitration agreement existed; the tribunal’s jurisdiction decision may be persuasive but is not binding.
- Applying French law, the Government was not a party to the 10 September 1996 agreement or its arbitration clause; the evidence did not establish the necessary common intention to be bound.
- Where § 103(2)(b) is made out because the award debtor never agreed to arbitrate, there is no residual discretion to enforce the award.

## Legal Principles

- Under the New York Convention/Arbitration Act 1996 enforcement regime, a court asked to enforce a foreign award must itself decide whether the award debtor was bound by a valid arbitration agreement when that ground is raised.
- The resisting party bears the burden of proving the § 103(2)(b)/art. V(1)(a) objection, but the court may take evidence and reach its own conclusion on foreign law and the underlying facts.
- Under French law, non-signatories may be bound only where the evidence shows a common intention to be bound; governmental involvement or control over a contracting entity, without more, is insufficient.
- If the court finds the award debtor was never party to an arbitration agreement, enforcement must be refused; finality and comity do not justify enforcing an award absent consent to arbitrate.

## Conclusion

The Supreme Court held that English courts enforcing foreign arbitral awards must independently determine whether an arbitration agreement bound the alleged debtor, and it refused enforcement because Pakistan had not consented to arbitrate under the Trust’s agreement, leaving no discretion to enforce an award rendered without a valid arbitration agreement.


Dallah Real Est. & Tourism Holding Co. v. Ministry of Religious Affs. (Gov’t of Pak.), [2010] UKSC 46 (UK 2010)