## Facts

- A 1985 attempted robbery at a San Diego auto body shop resulted in three murders and one attempted murder; Hector Ayala was prosecuted capitally in California.
- During lengthy jury selection, the prosecutor used peremptory challenges against all Black and Hispanic prospective jurors who were called to the jury box.
- Ayala raised Batson objections to seven strikes as racially discriminatory.
- The trial judge required the prosecutor to give reasons for the challenged strikes in ex parte, in camera hearings that excluded Ayala and defense counsel, citing concern about disclosing trial strategy.
- The trial court accepted the prosecutor’s explanations as race-neutral and denied the Batson objections; Ayala was convicted and sentenced to death.
- Ayala received the prosecutor’s explanations and transcripts of the ex parte proceedings only after trial; most juror questionnaires were later found to have been lost.

## Issues

1. Whether a state court decision that assumes constitutional error and finds it harmless beyond a reasonable doubt under Chapman is an “adjudication on the merits” triggering AEDPA deference under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
2. Whether, assuming exclusion of defense counsel from parts of the Batson hearings was constitutional error, Ayala could obtain federal habeas relief given Brecht’s prejudice standard and AEDPA’s limits on overturning a state harmlessness determination.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court reversed the grant of federal habeas relief.
- The Court held that the California Supreme Court’s Chapman harmless-error ruling constituted an adjudication on the merits of the federal claim for AEDPA purposes.
- Assuming without deciding that the ex parte Batson procedure was constitutional error, the Court held the error was harmless under Brecht and that the state court’s harmlessness determination was not unreasonable under AEDPA.
- The Court rejected the Ninth Circuit’s de novo approach and its prejudice analysis as speculative and insufficiently deferential to state-court findings.

## Legal Principles

- A state court’s decision that assumes a federal constitutional error and rejects the claim on Chapman harmless-error grounds is an “adjudication on the merits” subject to AEDPA deference in federal habeas.
- On federal habeas review of trial error, Brecht’s “substantial and injurious effect or influence” standard governs; when the state court has also found harmlessness under Chapman, the petitioner must still overcome AEDPA’s bar to relief by showing the state harmlessness determination was unreasonable.
- Federal habeas courts must give substantial deference to state-court factual findings and credibility determinations, including in Batson-related rulings, absent an unreasonable determination of the facts.

## Conclusion

The Court held that a state court’s Chapman harmless-error analysis counts as a merits adjudication under AEDPA and that, even assuming constitutional error in conducting ex parte Batson hearings, Ayala was not entitled to federal habeas relief because he failed to show prejudice under Brecht and failed to show the state court’s harmlessness determination was unreasonable.


Davis v. Ayala, 576 U.S. 257 (2015)