## Facts

- Felix Contracting Corp., a general contractor for Con Edison, performed street excavation work for installation of an underground gas main in Mount Vernon, New York.
- Bayside Pipe Coaters, a subcontractor, employed Harold Derdiarian to seal the gas main with hot liquid enamel at the worksite.
- Felix provided limited site protection, including a single wooden “horse-type” barricade near the excavation area.
- A driver, James Dickens, suffered an epileptic seizure after not taking prescribed medication, lost consciousness, and drove into the work zone.
- The vehicle crashed through the barricade, struck Derdiarian, and hit equipment including a kettle containing approximately 400-degree liquid enamel.
- Derdiarian was propelled and splattered with boiling enamel, sustaining severe burns and other serious injuries.
- Plaintiffs alleged Felix negligently failed to provide a reasonably safe worksite; trial evidence included expert testimony that the site required more complete barricading, warning devices, and traffic control.

## Issues

1. Whether Felix’s inadequate safety precautions were a proximate cause of Derdiarian’s injuries under the substantial-factor standard.
2. Whether Dickens’s seizure and loss of vehicle control constituted an intervening, superseding cause that relieved Felix of liability as a matter of law.
3. Whether alleged errors concerning a local safety ordinance instruction and Felix’s contractual indemnity obligation to Con Edison warranted reversal.

## Decision

- The Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment for plaintiffs and left the jury’s apportionment intact (55% Felix, 35% Dickens, 10% Con Edison).
- The court held there was a sufficient basis for the jury to find Felix’s failure to provide adequate barriers and safety measures was a proximate cause of the injuries.
- The court held Dickens’s conduct was not a superseding cause as a matter of law because the risk of a vehicle entering the worksite was the same risk that made Felix’s precautions inadequate.
- The court declined to reverse based on the ordinance charge or the indemnity determination.

## Legal Principles

- Proximate cause generally presents a fact question; courts rarely decide it as a matter of law unless only one conclusion is permissible.
- To establish prima facie negligence causation, a plaintiff must show the defendant’s negligence was a substantial factor in producing the injury.
- An intervening act does not sever liability when the intervening act’s risk is among the hazards that made the defendant’s conduct negligent.
- A plaintiff need not show the precise sequence of events or extent of injury was foreseeable; it is enough that the general type of harm falls within the risk created by the defendant’s negligence.
- Multiple actors’ negligence may concurrently constitute proximate causes, with responsibility allocated by comparative fault.

## Conclusion

The court sustained liability against a contractor for failing to protect a street excavation site because the foreseeable risk that a vehicle would enter the work zone and injure workers made the contractor’s omissions a substantial factor, and the driver’s seizure-related crash did not break causation as a superseding cause.


Derdiarian v. Felix Contracting Corp., 51 N.Y.2d 308 (1980)