## Facts

- John Doe, a federal judicial law clerk, applied for a $100,000 life insurance policy intended to secure his father’s obligations as guarantor of Doe’s student loans.
- During underwriting, the insurer interviewed Doe and required a physical examination and blood test.
- Doe alleged the insurer subjected him to extra underwriting measures because it suspected he was homosexual based on his living situation as a single man in Greenwich Village.
- Doe disclosed a prior arrest for public intoxication; the blood test showed elevated liver enzymes associated with alcohol abuse.
- The insurer imposed a $105 premium surcharge, increasing the premium from $155 to $260.
- Doe offered to retake the blood test; the insurer refused. Doe obtained an independent test with normal results.
- Doe sued, alleging the surcharge was actually based on suspected sexual orientation and unlawful discrimination.
- Doe asserted he is heterosexual but sought to proceed under a pseudonym to avoid public association with homosexuality and related stigma during the AIDS era.
- Doe moved to litigate as “John Doe” and restrict public access to identifying information; the insurer opposed and moved to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 10(a).

## Issues

1. Whether a plaintiff may proceed under a pseudonym notwithstanding Rule 10(a)’s general requirement that the complaint name all parties.
2. Whether failure to identify the plaintiff by his real name in the complaint warrants dismissal under Rule 10(a).

## Decision

- The court granted Doe’s motion in part, permitting him to proceed under a pseudonym with limited, tailored confidentiality protections.
- The court denied the insurer’s motion to dismiss for noncompliance with Rule 10(a).
- The court held that exceptional circumstances justified anonymity because public identification risked stigmatizing association with homosexuality and AIDS.
- The court rejected anonymity based solely on professional or economic concerns, such as avoiding embarrassment or workplace harm.
- The court found minimal prejudice to the insurer because it knew Doe’s identity and retained full discovery and merits-litigation rights.
- The court declined to grant the full breadth of confidentiality requested and instead limited relief to what was necessary to protect privacy without impairing defense preparation.

## Legal Principles

- Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 10(a) reflects a strong presumption of open judicial proceedings by requiring party names in the complaint caption.
- Courts may permit pseudonymous litigation only in exceptional cases where a litigant shows a substantial privacy interest involving highly personal matters and a serious risk of stigmatizing public identification.
- Professional embarrassment or reputational concerns, without more, generally do not justify proceeding anonymously.
- When anonymity is allowed, protective measures should be narrowly tailored to safeguard privacy while avoiding unfair prejudice to the opposing party, including preserving discovery and trial preparation rights.

## Conclusion

The court allowed the plaintiff to litigate as “John Doe” because the risk of stigmatizing public identification as homosexual during the AIDS era outweighed the ordinary Rule 10(a) naming requirement, and the insurer’s ability to defend on the merits was not materially impaired; dismissal for failure to plead the plaintiff’s true name was therefore unwarranted.


Doe v. United Servs. Life Ins. Co., 123 F.R.D. 437 (S.D.N.Y. 1988)