## Facts

- John Dougherty held title to a tract of unenclosed land.
- William Stepp entered onto the land with a surveyor and chain carriers to conduct a survey.
- Stepp acted under a mistaken belief that the land was his.
- Stepp’s party did not cut timber, mark trees, or visibly alter the property during the survey.
- Dougherty sued Stepp in trespass quare clausum fregit, asserting that any unauthorized entry onto another’s land is a trespass even if no measurable injury is shown.
- At trial in Buncombe County, the judge instructed the jury that Stepp’s conduct was not trespass because no “palpable” damage (such as cutting or marking) was proven.
- The jury returned a verdict for Stepp.
- Dougherty appealed, challenging the trial court’s instruction that actual damage was required to establish trespass.

## Issues

1. Whether an unauthorized entry onto another’s unenclosed land, without cutting, marking, or other physical alteration, constitutes trespass actionable in trespass quare clausum fregit.
2. Whether proof of actual, measurable damage is an element of trespass to land, or whether the entry itself establishes liability with at least nominal damages.
3. Whether the absence of an enclosure affects the landowner’s ability to maintain an action for trespass based on title and the right to exclude.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court of North Carolina held that every unauthorized entry onto the land of another constitutes trespass, whether or not the land is enclosed.
- The court ruled that the trial court erred by conditioning the existence of trespass on proof of physical damage to the land.
- The court distinguished liability from the amount of damages: acts done on the land may affect damages, but not whether a trespass occurred.
- The court concluded that the law infers some damage from any unauthorized entry, entitling the plaintiff to at least nominal damages even when no specific harm is proven.
- The judgment for Stepp was reversed, and the case was remanded for a new trial.

## Legal Principles

- An unauthorized entry onto another’s land is itself a trespass actionable in trespass quare clausum fregit, regardless of whether the land is enclosed.
- Proof of actual physical injury is not required to establish liability for trespass to land; the entry, if unauthorized, suffices.
- The extent of physical interference (e.g., cutting timber, marking trees) bears on the measure of damages, not on the existence of the tort.
- The law infers some damage from any unauthorized entry, supporting at least nominal damages even where concrete injury is not shown.
- In the absence of adverse possession, title supports the owner’s right to treat the land as the owner’s “close” for purposes of trespass protection.

## Conclusion

The court reaffirmed that trespass to land protects the owner’s right to exclude: an unauthorized entry is actionable even on unenclosed land and even without proof of physical harm, with damages potentially nominal when no measurable injury is demonstrated.


Dougherty v. Stepp, 18 N.C. 371 (1835)