## Facts

- Virginia conditioned commercial fishing licenses on citizenship or majority American ownership and separately barred nonresidents from catching menhaden in Virginia’s portion of the Chesapeake Bay.
- Seacoast Products, Inc. and others operated menhaden fishing vessels that were foreign-controlled but federally enrolled and licensed as United States vessels under federal enrollment and licensing statutes.
- Virginia’s Marine Resources Commissioner denied Seacoast a state license to fish for menhaden based on the challenged state restrictions.
- The vessel owners sued in federal district court, alleging the state restrictions were invalid under the Supremacy Clause because they conflicted with federal enrollment and licensing laws.
- The district court held the federal scheme preempted the Virginia restrictions as applied to the federally licensed vessels and invalidated the state provisions to that extent.
- Virginia appealed, and the Supreme Court affirmed.

## Issues

1. Whether federal enrollment and licensing laws preempt state fishing restrictions that exclude federally licensed vessels based on owners’ residency or citizenship.
2. Whether a federal license for the fishing trade confers substantive authority to fish that a state may not discriminatorily curtail, as opposed to merely evidencing a vessel’s nationality.
3. Whether the Submerged Lands Act limited or repealed any preemptive effect of the federal enrollment and licensing regime within state territorial waters.

## Decision

- The Court affirmed the judgment invalidating Virginia’s discriminatory fishing restrictions as applied to federally enrolled and licensed vessels.
- The federal licensing laws were held to preempt state provisions that effectively barred nonresidents from menhaden fishing in the relevant waters and barred noncitizens from obtaining commercial fishing licenses.
- The Court rejected the argument that the Submerged Lands Act displaced the federal licensing scheme.
- The Court recognized that states may impose reasonable, nondiscriminatory conservation and environmental measures on federally licensed vessels, but held the challenged provisions were discriminatory and conflicted with federal law.

## Legal Principles

- Under the Supremacy Clause, state law is invalid where it conflicts with federal statutes by denying federally conferred authority or standing as an obstacle to federal purposes.
- Federal enrollment establishes a vessel’s national character; a federal license grants authority to engage in the licensed trade and may preempt discriminatory state exclusions from that trade.
- States retain police-power authority to regulate fishing through evenhanded conservation and environmental measures that do not discriminatorily burden federally licensed vessels or negate federally granted authority.
- The Submerged Lands Act does not impliedly repeal longstanding federal vessel enrollment and licensing laws absent clear congressional intent.
- Congress may regulate commercial fishing in state waters through its commerce power where the activity affects interstate commerce.

## Conclusion

The Court held that federal enrollment and licensing of U.S. vessels authorized to engage in the fishing trade preempted Virginia’s residency- and citizenship-based restrictions that barred those federally licensed vessels from menhaden fishing in Virginia waters, while leaving room for nondiscriminatory state conservation and environmental regulation.


Douglas v. Seacoast Prods., Inc., 431 U.S. 265 (1977)